Prosiding KRTJ HPJI

Mainstreaming the iRAP into the Indonesian Roads to Enhance Road Safety for All

Weimin Zhou — 2023-10-16

Road safety is a major concern in Indonesia owing to the high number of deaths due to traffic accidents. Over the past decade, nearly 300,000 people were killed and over 1.6 million were injured along the Indonesian roads. Traffic accidents are the third largest cause of death in Indonesia, just behind heart disease and stroke. Almost 90 percent of the affected are vulnerable road users (motorcyclists, pedestrians, or bicyclists).
To address the above-mentioned challenge, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing has released the Ministerial Regulation No.4 of 2023 on February 13, 2023, which requests to reach a minimum of (i) 4-star for toll roads, and (ii) 3-star for non-toll roads as per an iRAP-like scheme.
The Link 15 of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road (to be funded by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, AIIB) has been selected as a pilot to implement the above-mentioned Ministerial Regulation. A road safety audit is being conducted by reviewing the detailed engineering designs (DEDs) and proposing enhancements to reach 4-star or better standard as per the iRAP.
To perform road safety risk analysis and assess the iRAP star-rating, technology will be utilized. In particular, the DEDs will be coded using Star Rating for Designs (SR4D), a web application of ViDA (iRAP’s online system, which is publicly available and free-to-use).
The key findings and recommendations to be summarized in this paper are expected to inform a country-level strategy to mainstream the implementation of the above-mentioned Ministerial Regulation and enhance road safety for all the Indonesians.

ROAD ACCIDENT FORENSIC AND RECONSTRUCTION: WHAT DO WE LEARNED?

Ir. Eliyani Yazreen A Rani — 2023-10-16

Approximately 17 people lost their life daily due to road accident in Malaysia. In road design, the only focusing on road design are according to minimum requirements due to many constraints which resulting in a lack of road tolerance in case the driver makes a mistake while driving. A road accident investigation and reconstruction are a scientific process of investigating, analysing, and drawing a conclusion about the causes and events during a vehicle collision. In this field, extensive investigations of individual crashes are conducted to identify the collision causation and contributing factors in different types of collisions, including the role of the drivers, vehicles, roadway and the environment. This paper shall present, the tasks and procedures undertaken in conducting accident crash investigation and reconstruction including the statistic finding from 2015-2022 conducted by Road Branch of the Public Works Department Malaysia. This paper also will present the statistic from the findings from all the investigation location. There are 17 of road deficiency has been categorized during these studies. From the data observation, the analysis was conducted to identify risk at every accident area. the signage and road marking are 19% follow by road safety features 15% and pavement defects 11%. As conclusion, engineers need to give further stress on engineering aspect with proactive and reactive action during design, construction and maintenance stage. This allows a better understanding of the interrelationship of the system components in road crashes. And can used as lessons to enhance safety and improve best practices and policies.

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence As An Adaptive Equipment To Improve Road Safety At Curve Section

Galatia A. Nainggolan — 2023-10-16

Indonesia's topographical conditions, which consist of mountains and hills, affect the planning of road
alignment. Road curve needs to be designed with small radius to overcome those challenges. Sharp curve section
is a critical location prone to accidents. Accidents occur particularly due to the driver’s visibility limitation, blind
spots, human error, and weather conditions. In addition, the existing safety equipment tend not to be adaptive to
the possible causes of an accident.
The purpose of this paper is to design an artificial intelligence (AI) system that can improve security and
safety at road curves. By installing this AI system at road curve, AI will read data of vehicles entering the curve
and issue a warning signal as a sign of another vehicle coming from the opposite direction or any potential
accident. The system works by utilizing electromagnetic waves to read the position and speed of vehicles that
entering the curve. Then, AI will analyze the safe distance and time needed to activate the warning instruments.
Warning instruments can be in the form of sounds, light, etc.
This paper discusses about how the AI systems could provide accident prevention warnings based on data
such as radius, vehicle speed, traffic volume, etc. Therefore, safer and resilience road especially on road curves
can be achieved. This AI system can also be used to collect database of driving behaviour around road curves and
provide the basis for future road geometric planning and road safety development.

Smart and Safety Road Management: Integrated Intelligent Road Management System

Hui-Mei Juh — 2023-10-16

For road maintenance and public works safety, New Taipei City Government of
Taiwan has setup and continually expanded its road management systems since 2001.
Beginning from establishing GIS databases of underground pipelines, facilities, pavement
condition investigations, etc., to develop its road related management systems since 2001.
Recent years, NTPC has upgraded & consolidated its separated systems into an “Intelligent
Road Management System,” named “iROAD” system, including the functions of road
excavation management, pavement rehabilitation, road maintenance, and other road
management works, with core aims of “convenience,” “mobility,” “smart management,”
“value-added services,” and “transparency.”
iROAD is a transparent, accessible, smart web-based GIS virtual data management
system and platform with the ability to facilitate road management operations and public
work safety surveillance, monitoring and hazard prevention. It serves multiple critical
functions to provide road information and also allows effective management for road
excavation and pavement rehabilitation management services by providing convenient and
quick access to necessary information, such as key performance indicators, control data, realtime

construction images/ video and status. iROAD implements augmented reality (AR)
technologies for mobility and smart operations, allowing on-site personnel to visualize and
acquire information regarding road relative works as well as perform road asset management
in an intuitive manner. With multiple technologies including big data analysis, AI smart
management, mobile access, iROAD enables remote supervision and management of roads,
allow big data analytics to improve road maintenance performance, reduce construction
interfacing issues, as well as support road engineering disaster response decision making.

The Challenges of Clear Zone Implementation for Toll Roads in Indonesia

Karamullahu Wajhahu — 2023-10-16

The application of the clear zone concept on toll roads in Indonesia as an effort to realize the safety aspects of toll road users by referring to various literatures of clear zone used in other countries. The application of the clear zone concept after being evaluated produces various issues including geometric, cost, land, traffic sign and stakeholders. Evaluation of the application of clear zones can be used as a reference for sustainably improving the Toll Road design criteria—the need for provision of understanding regarding clear zones for Planning Consultants and good coordination with stakeholders. Regarding the increase in costs due to the implementation of the clear zone, it is necessary to accommodate changes in construction costs by the authorities.

ROAD SAFETY ASSESSMENT BASED ON IRAP IN INDONESIA CASE STUDY: BLACKSPOTS ON NATIONAL ROAD IN WEST SUMATERA

Rafika Almira Samantha — 2023-10-16

As part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), road safety becomes a critical issue to be highlighted due to the highly estimated death rate of road traffic worldwide. The United Nation has reported that there are 1.35 million global road traffic accident fatalities per year which 93% of them take place in low-and middle-income countries. In Indonesia, the number of road traffic accidents has reached 103,645 cases in 2021, increased by 3.62% compared to the previous year. As the road agency, Directorate General of Bina Marga (DJBM) is responsible for fulfilling Road Safety KPI required in the DJBM Strategic Plan. In 2022, BPJN Sumatera Barat as part of the implementation unit in DJBM was required to treat 20 blackspots on National Road in West Sumatera. This paper will present the blackspot post-treatments assessment using the International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) as one of the road safety assessment tools. iRAP Star Rating 1 – 5, represents the level of accident risks to an individual road user based on the road attributes. In addition, 3-Star or better roads for road users presents a realistic target for governments and road authorities to adopt. The result showed that the number of blackspots with star rating under 3-star for vehicle occupants, motorcyclists and pedestrians are 5, 12 and 18 of 20 blackspots respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the blackspot post-treatments are still insufficient to reduce the accident risks, hence the paper will propose additional countermeasures according to iRAP road attribute options.

Exploring the interrelationships of variables in Australian road tunnel incidents using Bayesian networks

Edwin Hidayat — 2023-10-16

Incidents in road tunnels can have serious consequences, so it is critical to respond quickly and effectively. To
achieve this, road tunnels are generally equipped with incident detection and fire suppression systems. However,
the system can occasionally generate false alarms, which brings drawbacks for both the user and the tunnel
operator. This paper investigates incident response in Australian road tunnels by analyzing the cause-effect
relationships between incident variables. Bayesian Networks (BN), a machine-learning technique, is applied to
diagnose and predict the interrelationship between variables. Structure learning refers to the process of building
BN structure using two score-based algorithms with three different scoring functions, which are then validated
using four indicators to determine the appropriate network structure that fits the data. Then, parameter learning
is executed to estimate the probability of consequences. The diagnostic and predictive reasoning are then applied
for what-if scenarios to identify variables that have a high influence on the number of injury victims as the worst
consequence variable. The diagnostic analysis reveals some variables that have a significant impact on the number
of injuries. The predictive analysis indicates that the transportation area and incident type (vehicle crash or fire
incident) have a higher probability of injured victims than other location and incident types. The study's findings
can help tunnel operators develop mitigation strategies to reduce the number of people injured in road tunnel
incidents.

ROAD SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ON JAGORAWI TOLL ROAD WITH ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM USING HAWKEYE 2000

Muhammad Imaduddin — 2023-10-16

Jagorawi is the first toll road in Indonesia which has been operated since 1978. On 2019, Jagorawi Toll Road noted 7,59 as its Accident Rate and 0,53 for its Fatality Rate per 100 million-vehicles. Global Road Safety Performance (GRSP) have set the target for all roads to achieve 3-star rating or better. Road Assessment Program (RAP) is one of the approaches used to evaluate the performance of road safety. To measure the effectiveness of RAP in improving road safety, a comparison of Crash Rate and Fatality Rate were performed on the Jagorawi toll road, before and after RAP implementation.
The RAP in Jagorawi was carried out using Hawkeye 2000, a smart-survey vehicle for road condition and its attributes. Hawkeye 2000 can generate road data includes lane and shoulder width, road condition, object distance to pavement, image and recording of road asset, etc. According to the Quality Assurance by International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP), Jagorawi became the first toll road in Indonesia to obtain star rating certificate (3-stars).
According to the roadwork, traffic volume, and crash data between 2020 – 2022, there is an improvement in 2022 for Crash Rate is 4,91 (decreased by 35,5% from 2019), and Fatality Rate is 0,28 (fell by 48,4% from 2019).
RAP has already proven to improve road safety performance in Jagorawi showing that it can achieve GRSP target.

Study of Road Accidents and Road Safety Campaign Performance on Indonesian Expressways

Alfa Adib Ash Shiddiqi — 2023-10-16

According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), economic damages from road accidents are predicted to be 2.9 - 3.1% of Indonesia's total GDP, or IDR 448 - 478 trillion in 2020, with a total GDP of IDR 15,434 trillion. Traffic accidents are one of the most serious problems in Indonesia's more than 2000 kilometers of expressways. In Indonesia, the annual accident mortality rate is 28,000, with expressways having the highest death rate/km. Accurate and informative accident data is required to develop more effective policies. This article seeks to examine traffic accidents that occur on toll roads through 2021 based on forty-four toll operators’ report in Indonesia. The findings of the investigation revealed that the most prevalent causes of accidents were drowsy drivers, side collisions, and punctured tires. Another conclusion is that most toll road operators have installed lights, have a safety action plan, perform routine safety campaigns, have an appropriate road safety campaign budget, and can treat accident victims in less than 10 minutes since they have coordinated with the hospital. This study is helpful for understanding typical traffic accidents on Indonesian expressways and explaining the road safety program carried out by toll road operators.

Keywords: accident, Expressways, Road Safety

CONE COLLECTING AND LAYING (C2L) MACHINE

Ts. Dr. Norbazlan Mohd Yusof — 2023-10-16

The expanding highway network has increased the need of having technology in maintaining its condition. The number of injuries and fatalities among the road workers are increasing every year when performing the maintenance works. One of the technologies that has been developed for this purpose is a semi-automatic cone collecting and laying machine (C2L). By utilizing the C2L machine, the road workers do not have to be on the road during the process of laying and collecting traffic cones for lane closure, in which it significantly reduces the potential of accidents faced by road workers to occur. The C2L is fully developed by using local technology and mostly on-the-shelf components that can potentially reduce operational and maintenance costs. It also reduces the total number of workers performing the task of laying and collecting traffic cones as compared to the conventional method by eliminating the number of at least two (2) workers. The C2L also possesses some unique features as compared to similar functioning products in the market. One of the main noticeable features is portability. It can be operated by attaching the C2L to various sizes of the lorry and can be detached for storage. Furthermore, the sliding mechanism equipped in the C2L allows it to lay cones in straight-line and curve patterns. The C2L also has undergone various testing procedures to assess its full functionality, efficiency, and reliability, both in the laboratory and actual environments. Based on the current results, it can withstand the test of 3 million cycles or equivalent to 1,000 km of usage without any major failure. By using the C2L, it can increase the efficiency of the process of laying and collecting cones without jeopardizing the safety of the road workers. The C2L machine has been tested in the lab as well as in the actual working environment where the actual behavior of workers were observed for the period of six (6) months. The overall result is satisfactory as C2L is proven convenient to use, ergonomics comfort design, workers are safe in secure areas and the time taken for cone laying and collecting are also improving for 45% and 60%, respectively.

THE POLICY OF TOLL ROAD SAFETY AND BEAUTIFICATION IN INDONESIA

Andi Suriadi — 2023-10-16

The government continues to respond to the public's high expectations for toll roads that can shorten travel distances and times. Until now, Indonesia has seen a rapid rise in the development of toll highways. A total of 248 kilometers of the new toll road section went into operation in 2020, and 123 kilometers and 142 kilometers more were added in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The total length of toll roads open and in operation will be 2,500 kilometers by the end of 2022. In addition, toll roads should meet the Minimum Service Standard. However, its development strategy takes into account both the safety and the aesthetic aspects. This study aims to shed light on (a) the policies that the government has issued to promote the construction of secure and attractive toll roads, and (b) the manner in which Toll Road Business Entities have carried out the implementation of these policies. The result shows that a number of policies have been implemented to ensure the creation of toll roads that are safe, comfortable, and appealing. Toll road business entities have demonstrated their commitment to the policies by painting or repairing median concrete barriers, road markings, bridges, and overpasses, as well as beautifying their sites and planting trees. It is expected that government regulations will promote toll roads to be better quality and more aesthetically pleasing in order to meet the expectations of toll road users. Keywords: Policy, Toll Road, Safety, Beautification, Indonesia

Landslide Countermeasures at West Portal of Fumyozan Tunnel

Shinichi Kato — 2023-10-16

EFFECTIVENESS OF FLYOVERS CONSTRUCTION OVER RAILWAY LINE IN BANDUNG RAYA

Dedy Hariadi — 2023-10-16

This paper focuses on the functional effectiveness of the partially grade-separated flyovers that will be built on level crossings in West Java (Bandung Raya) until August 2022, which are considered serious bottlenecks with congestion hot spots. The evaluation criteria used include vehicular and pedestrian safety assessment at level crossings under those flyovers, geometric, degree of congestion and speed characteristics. Based on data from Ratih A., et al (2021), the value of traffic violations in one of stations in Bandung Raya (Rancaekek Station) is 64%. The data revealed that on average vehicles use at-grade level crossings, violations committed by road users such as parking not according to the space provided, ignoring existing signs, and frequent stops by truck drivers on the shoulder of the road, which causes road capacity to decrease and come in conflict with railway traffic. The paper highlighted the traffic and safety issues of vulnerable user groups i.e. pedestrians and non-motorised vehicles (NMV). Therefore, building the flyover could be one of the solutions to avoid the issues. The overall analysis of safety, congestion, geometrical, and structure revealed that the construction of the flyover above the rail will have generally been successful in reducing perennial conflicts between rail- road traffic and will enhance mobility as well as improve safety at level-crossings. Keywords: Flyover, Construction, Railway Line, Traffic

EFFECT OF ROAD MARKING APPLICATION STAGES ON RETRO-REFLECTIVITY OF ROAD MARKING ON CIAMIS – BANJAR – PANGANDARAN ROAD

Robert Himawan Hamiseno — 2023-10-16

The existence of road markings is important to improve safety for road users so they must be visible, especially at night and when it is raining or foggy. Thus the retro-reflectivity must meet the minimum value that can still be seen by the driver during the service life of the road markings. It is common to find road markings that have peeled off, worn out, and are not reflective before reaching a technical age of two years. One of the causes is the road marking applications that do not meet specifications. This study aims to determine the effect of road marking application stages on retro-reflectivity. The research was conducted experimentally by testing the retro-reflectivity of road marking using three scenarios on the Ciamis-Banjar-Pangandaran road. The result showed that all scenarios namely the Do-Nothing (old markings are overwritten by new markings), Do-Minimum (old markings are cleaned first before new markings applied), and Do-Something (old markings are erased first before new markings applied) are above the minimum value of the retro-reflectivity requirements of the General Roads and Bridges Specifications 2018 (Revision 2) for markings aged 0–6 months. The possible cause is that the pavement surface is in a perfectly uneven condition which makes insufficient application of glass beads because they are not perfectly dispersed. It was also found the application stages of road markings with different surface treatments before the application did not significantly affect the retro-reflectivity level of road markings at the age of 0-6 months.

Evaluation of Three Median Lane Dividers for Prevention of Head-on Collisions on Two-way Two-lane Expressways in Japan

Masaki Imai — 2023-10-16

In order to prevent head-on crashes in two-way two-lane section (speed limit 70km/h) on intercity expressways in Japan, rubber poles have been replaced with wire ropes on the median separation line in the earthwork sections and medium-sized bridge (length of 50m or less) sections since 2017. No fatal accidents have occurred since the installation. On the other hand, for long-span bridges (over 50m long) and tunnels, new barriers have also been developed for the same objective. There are two types of barriers. One is made of steel called "center pipe" with a height of about 70cm. It embeds the resin anchor in the pavement. The poles are connected by a guide rail at the bottom and two pipes. The other is called "center block" that connects concrete blocks with a shape similar to the F-shape barrier. The height is about 60 cm. It is just put on the pavement except edge blocks. These two median barriers have been installed at six locations for field evaluation since the fall of 2021. The evaluation items are the change in the lateral position of the vehicles, change in vehicle speed, and the driver's driving feeling before and after the installation. The lateral position is changed by about 20cm for passenger cars, and 10cm for heavy- duty vehicles. The vehicle speed remained unchanged. A questionnaire survey conducted on driving sensation shows that many respondents feel “a sense of security" while driving in the sections.

Keywords: two-way two-lane, road safety, median barriers, fatal damage, vehicle behavior.

METHODS FOR DESIGN OF POROUS ASPHALT MIXTURE USING 1.5 INCH MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE WITH B-5/20 GRAIN ASBUTON AS ADDITIONAL MATERIAL, AS A SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE FLEXIBLE ROAD PAVEMENT LAYER

Sutoyo Sutoyo — 2023-10-16

Safety and comfort for road users are the main requirements that must be met. To fulfill these requirements, an asphalt road surface layer is needed that is rough, anti-slip, no puddles, no hydro planning, strong and durable. One of the appropriate types of asphalt mixture is a porous asphalt mixture with a marshal stability of more than 3375 kg. In order to comply with these requirements, a modification of the open aggregate gradation was carried out using a maximum size of 1.5 inches and adding B-5/20 grain asphalt to the porous asphalt mixture. In addition, a proper mixing method is required, especially the heating of the aggregate and the stages of mixing each ingredient. Test results in the laboratory and at the AMP showed that the mixing procedures and stages produced porous asphalt mixture properties with a Marshall stability value of > 3400 kg; melting (flow) 4-6 mm; contambro loss = 7.83%, AFD = 0.0%, voids volume (VIM) 9-10% and density 2.21 gr/cm3. All these properties meet the requirements for heavy traffic, both strength and durability. While the texture is rough, the volume of large cavities above 8% (connected voids) is sufficient to provide a rough, non-slippery pavement surface and no standing water. So that it can be said that the design of a porous asphalt mixture with a maximum aggregate size of 1.5 inches and using Asbuton B-5/20 as an additive can create a flexible road pavement that is safe and sustainable. Keywords: Modification of open gradation, Asbuton B-5/20 and mixing method.

EVALUATION OF EMERGENCY ESCAPE RAMPS FACILITIES ON INDONESIAN TOLL ROADS

Muhammad Idris — 2023-10-16

The comprehensive traffic accident research on road sections with long alignments and turns triggered by
malfunctioning vehicle brakes is still rarely carried out in Indonesia. In the United States studies on accident
cases due to malfunctioning of vehicle brakes, especially in downhill locations, have been carried out since the
1950s. The results of this American research have been used as the basis for the development of technical
guidelines regarding Emergency Escape Ramps (EER) in many countries, including in Indonesia. This paper aims
to evaluate 19 EERs on Indonesian toll roads based on a number of technical guidelines, particularly those issued
by the Ministry of Public Work and Human Settlement and the Ministry of Transportation. The 19 EERs were
built on various toll road sections and have been operating in recent years. The study is focused on the technical
requirements of EER which include EER position, EER arrested bed; EER approach lanes; EER service lane;
road sign and road marking which are suitable for EER facilities. From the 19 EERs evaluated shows that more
than 48% of the EER dimensions installed did not meet the specified requirements. And the more interesting
finding that the material used in all EERs arrested beds has not considered the required specifications. Almost
all of the arrested bed material from 19 EERs is still a mixture of sand and gravel. The material arrested bed from
19 EERs are designed in a mounting form that is not recommended by all existing guidelines. The dimensions and
visibility of the approach lane to the EER arrested bed also do not meet the requirements as required by the
guidelines used as a reference. All EERs which are installed do not have service lane facilities. Furthermore, this
study recommends a number of EER parameters to update the technical requirements of the existing EER
Guidelines

Application of nature-based solution for resilient and sustainable slopes in Thailand

Apiniti Jotisankasa — 2023-10-16

This paper introduces a novel solution called the Capillary Barrier System (CBS) to address the frequent erosion problems on back slopes during heavy rainfall. The CBS combines biochar material as a fine-grained layer and reclaimed asphalt aggregate as a coarse-grain layer. The field behaviour in a trial section at the back slope of highway no. 1192 in Chiangmai province, Thailand, was demonstrated and compared with conventional biobased cover systems, namely, vetiver system (VS), and erosion control blanket (ECB). The CBS demonstrated better performance in terms of soil moisture, pore-water pressure variations and erosion control. Preliminary results from column infiltration tests and the biochar material's soil-water retention curve were also presented. This study highlights the promising potential of the biochar-based CBS for future erosion control applications.

RAINFALL THRESHOLDS TRIGGERING SLOPE FAILURE IN EAST JAVA AND RISK MITIGATION BASED ON A HISTORICAL APPROACH (DATABASE 2000-2023)

Emil Wahyudianto — 2023-10-16

The occurence of slope failure on the road is an event related to rain events. The impact of the incident caused loss, damage, and not infrequently casualties. Efforts to identify the characteristics of the rainfall triggering slope failure in this study were carried out through a historical approach based on event data. The data was obtained through digital data tracing which was then classified according to the depth of information.

Historically based analysis of rainfall thresholds triggering landslide was carried out on roads that have a high susceptibility to slope failure, both those with the status of national and provincial roads in East Java. From a total of 73,089 daily rainfall data and 668 records of landslide occurence during period 2000-2023, the daily rainfall threshold value (24 hours) is 86,438 -225 millimeters/day. The P3 value (3 days or 72 hours of rain) ranges from 105.8 -290 millimeters/3 days. The variance of the rainfall threshold value occurs as a function of the stability of the type of constituent material and a function of the characteristics of rainfall in the sub-segment area measured by the nearest rainfall station. The data from the analysis above is preparedness mitigation for disaster risk reduction, as well as can be used for determining mobilization preparations and scheduling considerations in implementing road projects in the field.

Efforts To Reduce Global Warming Throught The Development Of Plactic Paving Blocks As a Road Pavement Material

Adityo Budi Utomo — 2023-10-16

The high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the cause of global climate change. One of the contributors to CO2 emissions comes from plastic waste. Based on SIPN data for 2023 which is managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the amount of waste accumulation is 16.7 million tonns/year. Research on the utilization of plastic materials as road construction materials is focused on the reuse of PET plastic materials (packaging of drink bottles, ropes), HDPE (packaging of soap bottles, detergents.), PVC (plastic wrappers), and LDPE (plastic bags). By utilizing the thermal process, plastic waste can be recycle to plastic paving block products. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of plastic paving blocks as a road pavement material. Thet results showed that the weight of plastic paving blocks per unit was around 650 grams with a specific gravity of 0.82 gr/cm3. With these characteristics, this plastic paving material will start to float if there is a flood puddle as high as 3.5 cm. plastic paving blocks with a cross section shape like the letter "n" are brittle and have a strong bending of 8.27 MPa and are capable of being passed by vehicles with an MST of 4.5 tons on unstable base-course condition and 10 tons on stable base-course condition. To be used as road pavement,this product must be midified with 1 cm HRS (Hot Rolled Sheet) on the top.

Sustainable Highway Development through Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI)

Mohd Shahrir Amin Ahmad — 2023-10-16

The green highway rating The green highway rating is a comprehensive approach to highway development that incorporates conservation principles from planning and design to construction and operation stages. This approach integrates transportation and ecological sustainability, providing benefits to the transportation system, ecosystem, municipal well- being, and town development. Maintaining a balance between development and sustainability requires essential awareness among highway operators and stakeholders. A green highway needs more consideration from all parties concerned. The need for promoting sustainability and green highway planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance require a green highway assessment system. Therefore, the Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual is designed as a performance baselines standard for assessing the level of environmental sustainability . MyGHI will explain several fundamental elements of green highway development that are tailored to suit the conditions in Malaysia and other Asian countries.

RESILIENT DESIGN FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT : FLOOD MITIGATION FOR PRONE LOCATIONS AT EAST COAST HIGHWAY, MALAYSIA

Rohaya Abdullah — 2023-10-16

Malaysia periodically will face flooding problem during the monsoon season. Even the highway is designated for 100 ARI but during this season, the East Coast Highway is more risk to be affect by the flood compare than other highways in Malaysia. The flood disaster has given a big impact to the continuity and accessibility of the road network. Due to the negative impact of floods, the highway authority needs to pay serious attention and take actions to ensure the highway network is not cut off by the flood. This paper will explain the study taken relating to flood problem at East Coast highway, the mitigation proposed and the best way forward in preventing the flood. The flood level data history and simulation were studied to predict the flood level and determining the appropriate road level to prevent the flood. Afterwards the mitigation measure is proposed to enhance the geometric of the highway in order to prevent the flood. However due to the constrain at site, the design of the proposed mitigation has to be adjusted to suit to the existing structure as the control point. There are also other factors that has to be consider in determining the best design such as disturbance to the live traffic during construction and the cost involved. Since the East Coast Highway is the main trunk line to the east of Malaysia, thus the action taken to mitigate the flood problem at the highway has to be seriously implement in preventing the flood problem from reoccurring every year and indirectly affecting the economy.

Wildlife Shepherding Works in Road Realignment Project at Lim Chu Kang, Singapore.

Lin Rongrong — 2023-10-16

Singapore island was once covered nearly completely with rainforest and the entire coast supported mangrove habitat and other coastal vegetation. With the rapid urbanization taken place across most of the island, it is important to safeguard our biodiversity and conserve Singapore’s habitats and ecosystems for long-term sustainability. In realigning an existing 8 km long arterial road at the western part of island through a secondary forest teeming with several ecological sensitive species of concern, the project team at Land Transport Authority (LTA) took concerted efforts and collaborated with other government agencies and Nature Interest Groups to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to development works. The potential environmental impacts on biodiversity were identified and a comprehensive Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) with mitigation measures for biodiversity, noise and water quality was developed and implemented during the construction phase. This paper shares the critical first activity at site to preserve the biodiversity, a wildlife shepherding plan was implemented together with the Wildlife Consultant to carefully guide the wildlife to the adjacent forested areas prior to any vegetation clearing activities.

Causes and Countermeasures for Cut Slope Collapse by the Fukushima Prefecture Offshore Earthquake

Masahiro Yoshikawa — 2023-10-16

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum seismic intensity of upper 6 on the Japanese scale of 7 occurred off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture on February 13, 2021, and the cut slope of the Joban Expressway collapsed over a width of 70m. Immediately after the earthquake, we (NEXCO-East) tackled sediment removal and slope emergency restoration work, and the damaged road section was re-opened within 91 hours after confirming safety. After that, the cause of the collapse was examined by field investigations and boring surveys. As a result, the following conditions for the collapse were confirmed. (1) There was a stream behind the slope, and rainwater easily penetrated the cut slope. (2) A tuff layer existed in the slope. This layer inclined slightly from the slope toward the road. (3) There were cracks that developed vertically in the slope. From these observations, it was considered that the collapse occurred because the soil mass created by developed cracks caused by the earthquake slipped over the tuff layer. Based on the findings, all soils above the tuff layer that could cause collapse was removed, and the shotcrete was provided on the appeared slope surface after soil removal to prevent weathering as well as future collapse. Although the slope works took place within a narrow area, we were able to complete the countermeasure works in about 2 years while maintaining the functionality of the expressway.

Efforts for recovery from the slope disaster occurred at Zushi Interchange

Yuki SHIBATA — 2023-10-16

On 3rd July 2021, the cut slope of Zushi Interchange on Yokohama-Yokosuka Expressway (E16) collapsed due to heavy rain, the historically heaviest in this region; the cumulative rainfall for three days before the disaster reached 353.5mm and the maximum hourly rainfall was 49mm/h. Even though, no fatalities or injuries were confirmed throughout this disaster, fortunately.

Immediately after the disaster, E-NEXCO started recovery works to construct the shotcrete on the collapsed slope, and the bored piles and ground anchors were installed between the disaster area and the residential area to prevent the collapse from reaching the adjacent residential area. Finally, the soil mass on the rampways was removed and rampways were re-opened for the public on 30th September 2021. It was about three months after the disaster.

As the next step for permanent countermeasures, after the collapsed soil was completely removed, the slope was strengthened by the reinforced earthworks by geotextile, and the concrete crib works and soil nails were provided on the slope. To keep the smooth traffic and secure the safety and workability at the construction yard, the alignment of the rampways had to be temporarily changed to use the rampway adjacent to the slope as a construction yard.

These restoration works were eventually completed in March 2023 with the alignment to be re-shifted to the original one. This paper summarizes the causes of the slope collapse of Zushi Interchange about two years ago and how it had been recovered from the disaster

A method of installing preventive piles for landslide in stages to allow traffic to pass early

Koji SATORI — 2023-10-16

The Joshin-Etsu Expressway (hereafter referred to as "E18") is a four-lane interurban expressway that passes through the mountains of Japan. The heavy rainfall of Typhoon No. 19 (Asian name: Hagibis) in 2019 caused a large-scale landslide in the embankment section of the E18. The E18 was closed to traffic because the carriageway was demolished due to the landslide. Since the E18 is an essential inter-city highway, the damaged embankment had to be repaired quickly for the traffic.

It would take more than 20 months to reopen to traffic if the damaged embankment was repaired from below, so we planned to conduct the embankment work with the preventive piles for landslide in several phases from the upper side for traffic to pass early.

Firstly, by repairing the embankment from the upper side of the damaged embankment with the piles, we could reopen two traffic lanes in 11 days. Therefore, it was decided that the vehicle would be made to pass through while confirming safety by conducting the dynamic observation of the embankment. Then, the four traffic lanes could be reopened in 6 months as we made repair work with piles in the middle of the damaged embankment. Finally, preventive piles for landslide were installed on the lower level of the embankment, and the repair work was completed 20 months after the landslide.

In this paper, we report the method of repairing the damaged embankment with preventive piles for landslide in several phases to allow the traffic to pass early.

Impact of Rapid Strength Concrete Implementation on Road Traffic Congestion and Carbon Emission

Kuntum K Ummatin — 2023-10-16

Road traffic resulting from the use of various fossil fuel vehicles generates carbon emissions that are the primary contributor to climate change. Nowadays, many large cities in developing nations continue to struggle with traffic congestion. As an effort to minimising road traffic issues and reducing CO2 emissions, PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (SIG) as a leading multinational building material solution company has presented Rapid Strength Concrete (RSC) as one of the solutions to the problem of reducing the duration of concrete pavement from 14 days to 1 to 13 days.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using RSC on traffic congestion which affects carbon emissions, using dynamic system modeling methodology and life cycle assessment (LCA). This study uses the impact of CO2 emissions based on a comparison of Rapid Strength Concrete (RSC) and conventional concrete. From the results of dynamic system simulations, the use of RSC can reduce traffic congestion significantly. LCA calculations in the concrete use phase produce carbon emissions of 6.5 million tons for a 3-day pavement period. This shows that the use of RSC can reduce CO2 emissions by 30% compared to conventional concrete, where the emissions produced are 9.2 million tons for a concrete pavement duration of 14 days

Two-Dimensional Numerical Investigation on Scour Around Pandansimo Arch Bridge Piers to Support Bridge Resilience

James Zulfan — 2023-10-16

River bed conditions near bridge piers are prone to local scouring due to high flow with debris accumulations. This dynamic phenomenon is the most common cause of bridge failures, especially for the alluvial river during extreme weather. Therefore, scour depth near piers and abutments should be estimated during the preliminary bridge design phase. As a new bridge design, Pandansimo Bridge in Yogyakarta is designed as an arch bridge with 27 arches and a clear span of 20 meters to 25 meters. The overall length of the main bridge is 671 m, and it is located near the Progo River estuary, which was historically affected by tropical storm Cempaka with a maximum design discharge of 4,495 m3/s. The two-dimensional MIKE 21 flow model was used in this study to comprehensively simulate the scouring effect of the river bed due to the existence of bridge piers. Primary field data has been used to support numerical modeling to simulate river sediment transport. This paper shows the complexity of the river flow dynamic with bridge piers that induce the morphological river bed using a 2D numerical model. Based on the modeling results, it is observed that ports will affect the depth of scour prediction with a maximum depth of 1.5 meters in one year without any protections. The modeling results indicate a beneficial approach to estimate bridge-piers scour depth and pattern along the river, thus very useful for relevant stakeholders to prepare disaster mitigation plans.

Bio-asphalt Development Using Pyrolisis Method

Zuni Asih Nurhidayati — 2023-10-16

The scarcity and limitations of traditional asphalt binders in road construction have instigated the exploration of alternative materials. This challenge has spurred research into the utilization of waste materials that can potentially be enhanced with traditional bitumen to serve as viable substitutes. One avenue of exploration in the pursuit of sustainable alternatives is bio-asphalt
research, involving the utilization of environmentally friendly binder materials in the formulation of asphalt mixtures. These binders are derived from bio-oil production through the pyrolysis process. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing bio-oil extracted from agricultural waste materials, specifically Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), Sugarcane bagasse, and Rice straw, as modifiers, extenders, or potential replacements for conventional asphalt. The experimental approaches involved the application of various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 90°C to 170°C and weights varying from 3 kg to 5 kg to investigate product yields. The samples underwent analysis in a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) cell to examine the bio-oil's characteristics, while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to assess its chemical composition. The findings indicated that, under the specified experimental conditions, the optimal bio-oil production conditions were achieved with a weight of 5 kg and a temperature of 170°C for EFB, a weight of 3 kg and 150°C for Sugarcane bagasse, and 105 minutes for Rice straw. Notably, EFB yielded a higher volume of bio-oil compared to sugarcane bagasse and rice straw. The FTIR analysis revealed that the bio-oil
composition was primarily characterized by carboxyl and carbonyl fractions, rendering bio-oil from EFB, Sugarcane bagasse, and Rice straw suitable for bio-asphalt due to their oil asphaltenes characteristics. Regarding the Carbonyl Index calculation, bio-oil from Rice straw exhibited the highest value. However, according to GC-MS analysis, it contained a lower carbon content compared to EFB and Sugarcane bagasse. In conclusion, bio-oil extracted from EFB exhibits significant potential as a modifier capable of influencing the rheological properties of Asphalt Pen 60/70 formulations.

Towards Artificial Asphalt in Indonesia

R. Anwar Yamin — 2023-10-16

Asphalt oil, a finite natural resource, serves as an annual binding agent in road construction and enhancement projects. Over time, the production of asphalt oil has become insufficient to meet the demands of construction initiatives in Indonesia. Consequently, the shortage in asphalt oil supply is currently being addressed through temporary imports and the utilization of natural asphalt. This approach contradicts the principles of renewable energy conservation. In parallel, advanced nations are now reassessing their reliance on synthetic asphalt and exploring ways to mitigate the scarcity of this resource. In Indonesia, the utilization of synthetic asphalt remains relatively unfamiliar due to its limited development, primarily confined to research endeavors rather than comprehensive implementation. This research aims to produce Rubberized Oil Plastic Asphalt (Synthetic Asphalt) in Indonesia by utilizing LDPE plastic and crumb rubber from discarded vehicle tires, which are nearly non-renewable waste products that degrade naturally. The resultant Rubberized Oil Plastic Asphalt is anticipated to serve as a viable alternative to traditional oil asphalt, serving as a modifier, extender, and substitute for binding purposes. The initial phase of this study involves formulating the utilization of LDPE plastic oil and tire rubber granules to create rubberized plastic oil, essentially transforming it into asphalt (rubberized oil). Subsequently, the potential applications of this synthetic asphalt as an enhancer for traditional oil asphalt will be explored.

The Effectiveness of Fiber Reinforced Polymer on Old Bridge Beams and Floors (20 Years Old), Case Study on the Road and Bridge Rehabilitation in Tj. Ru – Petikan – Pilang –Junction – Tj. Kelayang – T. Tinggi

Ferry Sutimarjaya — 2023-10-16

One way to preserve a bridge is by strengthening the bridge structure with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), Steel Plate Bonding, and External Stressing. Before strengthening, damaged concrete structures must be repaired first, for example by injection of epoxy, grouting, patching, and replacement of corroded reinforcement. Reinforcement with the FRP method is a method that is relatively easy and inexpensive to implement. The requirement for the method of strengthening concrete structures with FRP is the compressive strength values above fc'=20 MPa. In the case study of the Petikan II Bridge and the Sei Baru I Bridge which were built in 1992, the compressive strength values of the concrete structures of the two bridges were obtained using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), fc'=13.41 MPa on the floors of the Sei Baru I Bridge and fc'=21.38 MPa for the Beam of the Petikan II Bridge. Before strengthening with FRP, the part to be reinforced had to be repaired by epoxy injection in the Petikan II Bridge and by grouting in the Sei Baru I Bridge. The FRP used to strengthen the bridge structure is e-glass (glass fiber) type with code Nitowrap GWS935 with a typical weight of 935 gr/m2 and uses epoxy resin with code Nitowrap Primer and Nitowrap Encapsulation Resin. After FRP was applied to the floor of the Sei Baru I Bridge and the Beams of the Petikan II Bridge, a pull-off test was carried out to determine the adhesion between the concrete and the FRP. It was found that the average bonding value was 2.62 MPa on the girder of the Petikan II Bridge and 2.91 MPa on the Sei Baru I Bridge floor with visual failure mode occurring due to the chipped concrete surface. So, it can be concluded that strengthening the bridge's concrete structure using FRP is more effective if the surface concrete quality of the existing concrete structure is first improved.

APPLICATION OF THE DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION TECHNIQUE TO ANALYSE THE STRIPPING RESISTANCE OF POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES

Christian Gerald Danie — 2023-10-16

This study assesses the application of the simple Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique as an addition to the qualitative-based boiling water test to quantify the stripping phenomenon on a bituminous mixture, as the mixture was modified by ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) to enhance its stripping resistance. A mini photo-box model was created to ensure the uniformity of the lighting for a good-quality image captured by a camera phone, and the results were compared using a variety of thresholds to the weighing scale to ensure the accuracy of the method. It was found that the ImageJ software used could give outcomes matching the actual condition based on weighing when the threshold was set to 70, and the use of polymer could reduce the stripping ratio from 21.85% to 14.05%, with the error margin with DIC software analysis of up to 13% and the average difference of 6%. Overall, the image correlation technique can be used to characterise the stripping phenomenon on asphaltic mixtures, and the inclusion of polymer could enhance the stripping resistance of the mixture with the maximum increase reached by the polymer dosage of 5%. Keywords: Digital Image Correlation, stripping, asphalt mixture, ethylene-vinyl acetate

Study of Optimal Network-Level Pavement Management for Bus Rapid Transit Infrastructure Along Skudai Corridor in Iskandar Malaysia, Johor.

Suhaimi Mat Saad — 2023-10-16

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a new transport initiative developed by the local authority of Iskandar Malaysia, which is the Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA). This initiative is part of transforming the local bus industry into the new BRT transportation system. In support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the BRT system is part of a contribution to sustainable cities and communities, as highlighted in Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The implementation of the BRT system in the Iskandar Malaysia region will require a high level of service for the BRT infrastructure, which is considered necessary. Previous literature has focused on BRT vehicles with little attention to the pavement management system for BRT infrastructure. The first objective of this study is to identify the checklist of pavement management systems for BRT infrastructure in Iskandar Malaysia (IM). The second objective is to evaluate the current data performance, the cost required, and the policy that relates to the BRT infrastructure. The last objective is to develop a pavement management system framework for BRT infrastructure. The significance of this study is to highlight the environmental, economic, and social impacts of implementing rapid transit bus infrastructure. Primary data were collected through field observation, site sampling, visual inspection, and an appropriate field-testing process. Secondary data were collected based on previous studies, surveys, and experiences by other researchers. The result of this study is a pavement management system framework with a focus on BRT infrastructure.

Soil Stabilization Using Low-Grade HVFA Concrete as an Alternative for Road Damage Handling Management

Dian Novitasari — 2023-10-16

On the Babat - Bts Kab. in Jombang Road, there are several sections that often experience severe damage, one
of which is from Km. Bbat. 27+050 to Km. Bbat. 27+550. The road damage in this segment is likely caused by
unstable subgrade. Several methods have been applied to repair both the subgrade and foundation, but the
damage recurs in the same segment. Therefore, subgrade stabilization will be carried out using low-grade
concrete with the addition of High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA).
HVFA is a material produced from fly ash waste generated by coal combustion in power plants. The silica,
aluminum, and iron oxide content of HVFA can improve the mechanical properties of the soil, thereby increasing
the bearing capacity and resistance of the soil, by mixing HVFA, low-grade concrete (Bo) with the subgrade.
HVFA can solidify on its own without the help of compaction equipment, thus reducing implementation time and
costs. The use of HVFA can also increase soil stability and reduce deformation, and can increase resistance to
weather and water.
The use of HVFA for subgrade stabilization can be a good, effective, and efficient option because it can reduce
costs, increase soil bearing capacity and stability, and be more resistant to weather and water. The use of HVFA
can also reduce waste in power plants, for better environmental sustainability

DEVELOPING NEW CHEMICAL-RHEOLOGICAL MODELS OF BITUMEN

Madi Hermadi — 2023-10-16

A significant correlation between chemical properties and rheological characteristics is very important in evaluating and modifying bitumen. However, a number of previous studies found an inconsistent correlation. Therefore, a study on developing new chemical-rheological models was carried out. Bitumen fractionation of the Corbett method was used to extract each chemical fraction of bitumen, namely saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA). A number of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of each chemical fraction on bitumen rheologies such as the effect of saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes on the rutting factor (G*/sin[δ]) at original and after short-term aging conditions, and fatigue factor (G*sin[δ]) at after long-term aging condition. Two bitumen from different sources, namely Asiatic petroleum bitumen, and Buton rock asphalt (BRA) bitumen, were used. New chemical-rheological models were formulated to estimate the bitumen rheology which is G*/sin[δ] and G*sin[δ], based on the chemical properties. The novelties of this study are the new models can be used to predict the bitumen rheology based on the chemical composition. Furthermore, they are very important as guides in understanding and modifying a bitumen's chemical composition to produce a bitumen with the desired rheology of the original, short- term aging, and long-term aging conditions. Keyword: Pavement, Bitumen, Chemical, Rheological, Models

Pavement Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Reinforced with Aramid and Polyolefin Fibers in Malaysia

Md Yunus Ab Wahab (Phd) — 2023-10-16

The incorporation of fiber in hot mix asphaltic concrete has been widely researched and proven to mitigate the development of pavement distresses, especially fatigue cracking and rutting. PLUS Berhad, a toll road concession company in Malaysia, has conducted pavement performance study on hot mix asphalt reinforced with Aramid and Polyolefin fibers since 2018. Based on the laboratory test results, it was observed that the modified hot mixes exhibited far superior performances in term of stability, stiffness, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep modulus. In this study, normal conventional hot mix asphalt and hot mix asphaltic concrete reinforced with aramid and polyolefin fibers were installed and the pavement performance was monitored. The traffic loading data was collected using Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) system near the test site to monitor the traffic loading on the test pavements. The WIM data showed that the overloading by heavy vehicles is very significant. A small number of overweight axles significantly increased the overall traffic axle loadings to further accelerate the pavement deterioration. The visual site investigation shows that the hot mix asphalt reinforced with Aramid and Polyolefin fibers performs better than normal conventional hot mix asphalt. This paper will brief on the economic benefits of using the fiber reinforced hot mix asphalt. The laboratory performance and site monitoring results have showed that incorporation of aramid and polyolefin fibers could potentially increases the service life of pavement, resulting in a more resilient road infrastructure. Keywords: Hot mix asphalt, fiber, aramid, polyolefin, resilient road infrastructure

LATEX EMULSION CRACK SEALANT AS ALTERNATIVE REPAIR MATERIAL FOR ROAD PAVEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA

Khairil Hafiz Yahya — 2023-10-16

When it comes to the most important step to extending the life of asphalt, the usage of crack sealant for crack treatment is commonly implemented in the early stages to prevent road pavement damage become worst. If this step is overseen, it will likely to cause water to penetrate into the structure under the road, therefore resulting the failure of the pavement structure as a whole. The consequences of this failure will required a higher treatment costs depending on the types and treatment techniques on the affected pavement structure. As there is no clear consensus on the most appropriate crack sealing method for a specific job, this study will focus on the effectiveness of Latex Emulsion Crack Sealant which has been implemented in two different site locations, at Federal Route FT02, Section 189-190 and FT90, Section 137.9-138.1, Pahang, Malaysia. The treatment methods are the application of quarry dust mixtures in emulsion as bonding agent materials before and after the emulsion materials were put onto the cracking surface of the pavement. Afterwards, visual inspections are conducted at the site to evaluate the physical change of crack sealant material and the level of pavement damage either becoming more serious or it actually works relatively well under the current traffic loading. The main point of this case study is to discuss the result of the treatment and considering the effectiveness of the method.

Preventive Maintenance and Repair Technologies on Japanese Expressways

Kazetoki Okazaki — 2023-10-16

Porous asphalt pavements are commonly used for the surface layer of expressways in Japan, and they contribute greatly to reducing traffic accidents during rainy weather. On the other hand, pumping, cracking, and localized sinking, which are typical examples of porous asphalt pavement deterioration, are caused by separation of the mixture of binder course and upper base course due to rainwater penetration. For efficient road maintenance, Preventive maintenance is generally considered to be more reasonable and contributes to lower life-cycle costs, instead of post-repair. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent rainwater infiltration into the pavement for Preventive maintenance.
This paper describes a non-destructive penetration-type repair material spreading and injection method developed by NEXCO-West as a preventive repair technology, which realizes functional recovery of the required material adhesion without impairing the drainage function. In addition, the paper verifies the effectiveness of this method in extending the life of the pavement and estimates that the life cycle cost can be reduced by about 20% over a 50-year period.

FIELD AND LABORATORY PERFORMANCE OF HOT IN-PLANT PRODUCED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE BINDER COURSE (ACBC28) WITH 30% RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP)

Sek Yee Teh, PhD — 2023-10-16

Hot in-plant recycling is an effective and environmentally friendly technique for recycling pavement milling waste. However, it is not commonly used in Malaysia, hence, lacks reference data and proven trials. In this study, the recycled mixture, i.e. Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC28) of 28 mm nominal maximum aggregate size, was produced utilizing 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) without rejuvenator. During the initial research and development (R&D) phase, the mixture performance was evaluated via various laboratory tests and compared against conventional ACBC28 produced using virgin materials of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen and aggregate. In August 2021, a 150 m field trial was conducted on the Slow Lane at KM432.50 to KM432.65 Southbound (SB), Section C3, along the PLUS North-South Expressway (NSE), Malaysia. Field and laboratory tests were conducted on the recycled and conventional mixtures in different phases; Month-6, Month-9 and Month-12 after construction to establish some fundamental pr perties in terms of pavement layers structural stiffness and mixture laboratory performance including resilient modulus, permanent deformation and fatigue resistance. After the 12-month trial period where both recycled and conventional mixtures were exposed to the actual traffic loading and environmental conditions, the recycled mixture exhibited comparable performance as the conventional mixture in terms of pavement layers structural stiffness and laboratory performance, indicating a promising direction for using the recycled mixture. In summary, the recycled mixture had accomplished the same confidence level as the conventional mixture produced entirely from virgin materials, hence, could potentially be produced and applied in pavement rehabilitation works on the expressway.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES CONTAINING 30% RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) REINFORCED WITH ARAMID AND POLYOLEFIN FIBERS

Sek Yee Teh, PhD — 2023-10-16

Hot in-plant asphalt recycling is a sustainable and cost-effective approach to reclaim pavement milling waste. The usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) can provide great cost savings, however, depending on the RAP content, it has minimal impact on the performance and mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture. This provides opportunity to explore additives that can enhance the performance, therefore increasing the pavement life cycle. This study investigates the effects of using fibers to reinforce and enhance the performance of the RAP asphalt mixtures. Two recycled mixtures of Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (ACWC20) and Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC28) were produced for performance evaluation, both mixtures contained 30% RAP without rejuvenator and were reinforced with aramid and polyolefin fibers. The mixtures performance was assessed via a series of laboratory tests conducted to evaluate their moisture damage resistance, resilient modulus, dynamic creep modulus, and rutting resistance. The tests were carried out on Marshall samples compacted from loose mixture that was produced at a batch mixing plant. This reduces the error margins and allows the results to be more representative due to large scale production. Furthermore, the performance tests results were also compared to similar asphalt mixtures of ACWC20 and ACBC28 that consisted entirely of virgin materials reinforced with fibers. The laboratory tests results show that the asphalt mixtures comprising both RAP and fibers exhibited an improved performance in terms of durability and rutting resistance as indicated by the increase in stability, resilient modulus and creep modulus compared to asphalt mixtures without RAP.

Sustainable Road Construction: Enhancing Pavement Performance with Waste Plastic Incorporation in Hot Mix Asphalt

Noor Haslinda Hamdan — 2023-10-16

Over two decades, the world is facing a growing plastic waste crisis, with just 9% of plastic garbage being properly recycled, leading to significant environmental pollution. One solution to this problem is the use of waste plastics in hot mix asphalt, which can enhance pavement performance while reducing waste. This paper comprehensively reviews the effects of incorporating waste plastics into asphalt pavement via dry processes, demonstrating that adding just 0.2% of waste plastics can improve pavement performance by up to 20%. The approach also yields significant environmental and economic benefits, with a saving of 3.77kg CO2e per 1kg of waste plastic used. Two trials have been conducted at PROLINTAS highways, using a total of 360kg of waste plastic and resulting in a saving of 1357 kg of CO2e. Generally, incorporating waste plastics into asphalt mixes improved the performance by 20% of various properties which include stability, stiffness, rutting resistance, and skid resistance compared to conventional asphalt mix. Overall, incorporating waste plastic into asphalt mixtures can enhance performance, beneficial to the environment and the economy. This study highlights the significant potential of utilizing waste plastics in asphalt pavements, which can lead to sustainable road construction practices and contribute to a more sustainable future. Practical applications of this methodology should also be explored on a larger scale, and government policies and regulations introduced to incentivize the use of recycled materials in road construction.

Keywords: plastic waste, modified asphalt, CO2e reduction, sustainable road construction practice

Comparison of the Effectiveness CPHMA and AC-WC as Materials for Pothole Patching (Case Study : Provincial Road in East Java Region in Surabaya City, Sidoarjo Regency, and Gresik Regency)

Dian Novitasari — 2023-10-16

Pothole repair should be promptly carried out using the appropriate patching material to prevent further road damage and reduce the risk of traffic accidents. On the provincial roads in the East Java region in Surabaya City, Sidoarjo Regency, and Gresik Regency, CPHMA is used as the patching material. CPHMA is an asphalt mixture that contains Asbuton and other additives, ready to be spread and compacted cold / at ambient temperature.

An evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of pothole repair using CPHMA compared to using hot asphalt. Based on observations, the use of CPHMA is very effective in terms of speed but less efficient in terms of cost, as repeated damage occurred 15 days after the first patching with CPHMA. Therefore, pothole patching with AC-WC is also carried out to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of patching. The parameters used to compare effectiveness are the time of damage reoccurrence after patching (t, days), while the parameter used to compare efficiency is the total cost required for patching.

Evaluation and comparison of pothole patching materials are necessary to provide guidance to road administrators on the most effective and efficient patching material to apply in their respective regions, in accordance with the road characteristics and traffic conditions. Keywords: CPHMA, AC-WC, pothole, effective, efficient.

Consistency of International Roughness Index and Vehicle Interaction in Ride Quality Evaluation for Expressway Pavements

Kazuya Tomiyama — 2023-10-16

Pavement roughness of expressways in Japan is controlled by the International Roughness Index (IRI) with two specific criteria: a fixed interval of 200 meters for unevenness in average and a fixed interval of 10 meters for localized irregularities. However, the conventional maintenance criteria has been difficult to respond the condition evaluation for localized irregularities which are one of the typical deterioration mode of porous asphalt pavements made with polymer modified bitumen have been introduced for the surface layer, . It brings hundreds of complaints from users against the ride quality even though the IRI values are less than the maintenance threshold. Some of the complaints has been reported from users of commercial trucks of which vehicle characteristics are apart from IRI assuming passenger cars. Against this background, this study examines the consistency in evaluating surface roughness with IRI in terms of the road-vehicle interaction. For this purpose, a driving experiment employing a medium duty truck at in-service expressways involving user complaints is conducted to measure the vehicle parameters. As a result, a truck quarter-car model is developed in the same manner of the IRI with parameters acquired in the experiment. The vehicle response of the quarter-car models for the IRI and truck to the roughness is then compared. The result explains a cause in the gap between user ratings and IRI-based evaluation of pavement surfaces in expressways. The findings obtained in this study contribute to the improvement of the inconsistent maintenance criteria of pavement surfaces with user ratings.

Establishment of the new technical standard of binder course for expressways: highly waterproof mixture for binder course

Kenichi MEGURO — 2023-10-16

The porous asphalt pavement has been defined as a surface course since 1998 and has contributed to prevent many traffic accidents caused by hydroplaning. From the viewpoint of pavement damage, however, there was a problem that the permeated water causes serious damage such as stripping, delamination and mud pumping on binder course or lower layers, shortening the maintenance interval. To deal with this problem, East Nippon Expressway Company Limited (E-NEXCO), one of the Japanese expressway authorities, developed a highly waterproof asphalt mixture for the binder course with the following features:

Equivalent to impervious, i.e., coefficient of permeability of 1.0×10-7cm/s or lower by modifying grading of the mixture with additional small-sized aggregate, without any special or expensive material.

Stricter standard of air void ratio upon mix design; no higher than 3.0% and no lower than 2.0%

Introducing modified asphalt instead of straight asphalt to make up for the shortage of flow rutting resistance caused by adding small-sized aggregate.

This paper reports “How the new mixture was designed and tested on the site”, “How the new mixture is durable compared to original base course mixtures”, “What is the current performance of the base course several years after paved” and “How widely the new mixture can be applied to a wide range of aggregate producing areas and asphalt plants” in preparation for the April 2022 revision of the standards for base course mixtures. Keywords: binder course, waterproof mixture, mix design, damage prevention, standardization

Evaluation of Walkability on Pavement Surfaces Considering the Shoe Differences based on Electromyography

Kenichiro SASAKI — 2023-10-16

In Japan, a super-aging society, it is important to improve pedestrian zones that can be used safely and comfortably by everyone. In this study, we focused on muscle activity, which is one of the indices to evaluate the burden of walking in pedestrian zone, and slip resistance, surface unevenness depth, profile slope, and the International Roughness Index (IRI), which can be obtained from the road surface. We conducted an experiment in Akashi City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, using four types of footwear. We compared the physical properties of the paved surface and the burden on people from the paved surface, and evaluated the rational walking surface from the human perspective. As a result, the pedestrian tended to be affected by pavement rather than footwear. In addition, the profile slope of ±1% may not show a clear relationship with the amount of pedestrian muscle activity, and the result is consistent with past research that there is a range of physical properties of the road surface that is comfortable to walk on. Furthermore, it was suggested that the muscle activity of pedestrians correlated with the wavelength of the pavement. This result suggests the possibility of predicting the point where pedestrians feel burdened.

Waveband Analysis of Road Surface Roughness based on Mental Stress of Users Considering Vehicle Driving Speed

Marei INAGI — 2023-10-16

Expressways in Japan, the International Roughness Index (IRI) has been applied to the roughness evaluation of pavement surfaces. However, the road surface roughness with wavelengths of 4~8m (the mental stress wavelength) which are one of the mental stress factors for road users is underestimated in the current criteria. Actually, hundreds of complaints regarding ride quality are reported from road users even though the IRI values are less than the maintenance threshold. In addition, since the maximum speed limit has been raised on some expressway sections, it is necessary to verify whether the mental stress wavelength can be a stress factor for road users even when the vehicle speed is changed. Against this background, this study examines the relationship between the mental stress wavelength and road users’ mental stress considering differences in vehicle speed by a motion base driving simulator. The experiment introduces two measures of biosignals such as the electrocardiogram and the electrodermal activity for determining the unconscious mental stress of road users against the stress wavelength. As a result, mental stress on localized roughness at the driving speed of 80km/h tends to increase as the dominance of the mental stress wavelength increases. The outcomes of this study contribute to the development of road surface indicators that are consistent with the mental stress responses of users and are expected to contribute to the development of sustainable road transportation on the basis of human-centered evaluation.

How to screen fatigue cracking on a 50-year-old toll road

Keizo Kamiya — 2023-10-16

The number of Japanese nationwide toll expressways aged over 50 years is on the increase. In addition, porous asphalt, now 80 percent of their road surface, has created another problem: the water-retaining binder layer is faster damaged than sticky-bonded porous surface, resulting in a risk of deeper damages. Toward achieving a best management on already aging and faster deteriorating porous pavements, the relationship between fatigue cracking and road surface characteristics was investigated. First, two years cut-open research was conducted on a 50-year-old toll road in central Japan, followed by analyzing the section’s road surface and associated FWD deflection survey. As a result, at partially 30 mm faulting spots on the road surface, almost the same size of permanent deformation was confirmed on the spot’s underlying subbase layer. In addition, it was observed that underground water weakens bearing support of lower base, resulting in higher FWD deflection and causes of road surface defects. Keywords: Surface defects, fatigue cracking, cut-open survey, FWD

ENHANCING HEATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: EVALUATING NATURAL ZEOLITE UTILIZATION FOR AGGREGATE MIXING AND PURE ASBUTON EXTRACTION

Anggoro Dias Ainur Rasyid — 2023-10-16

The estimated deposit of Natural Asphalt (Asbuton) on Buton Island is 677 million tons, but its optimal utilization has not been achieved. Therefore, this study aims to explore innovative approaches to use Asbuton as a binder in asphalt mixtures with minimal operational costs. The research focuses on mixing a warm mix of Thin Layer Asphalt Concrete (LTBA) using Asbuton pure extract binders and natural zeolite. The analysis evaluates various parameters, including Marshall stability, flow melting, voids in the mixture (VIM), voids in aggregate (VMA), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), and Marshall Quotient (MQ), in accordance with the General Specifications Bina Marga 2018 Rev-2. The results demonstrate that incorporating natural zeolite in warm mixtures of Thin Layer Asphalt Concrete (LTBA) at an Optimum Asphalt Content (KAO) of 5.95% reduces mixing and compaction temperatures. The addition of 1.5% natural zeolite leads to a stability value of 1179.564 kg, a music value in the mix of 4.252%, an aggregate cavity value of 17.076%, a melting value of 2870 mm, a cavity value filled with asphalt of 75.099%, and a Marshall Quotient value of 410.998 kg/mm. The inclusion of natural zeolite results in a 15% reduction in the total operational cost of mixing aggregate, Asbuton pure extract, and natural zeolite, achieved by lowering the energy required for mixing and compaction temperatures. Regenerate responseKeywords: Asbuton pure extract, natural zeolite, warm mix, LTBA.

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE BASED ON THE ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TEST

Dzakiyyul Fahmi Dzakiyyul Fahmi — 2023-10-16

The current Indonesian pavement design method (MDP 2017) has adopted the empirical mechanistic method developed by Austroads. The success of the design method lies in its accuracy for predicting pavement performance with a set of input parameters. One way to increase the prediction accuracy of pavement performance is through verification by accelerated pavement test (APT). At Ministry of PUPR, Pavement Main Test Equipment laboratory facility has been built which is equipped with the HVS (Heavy Vehicle Simulator) Mark VI, and a pavement test section. The pavement test section has 2 pavement structure sections which have differences in class B thickness. The pavement structure is ACWC 5cm, ACBC 5cm, Class A 15 cm, and Class B 21 cm for section I and class B 28 cm for section II. Pavement service life in section I is 1.37 million ESAL and section II is 2.52 million ESAL. The instrumentation used is the Multi Depth Deflectometer (MDD), Laser Profilometer , and Thermocouple . The pavemetn test section carried out APT testing with a standard load of 40 kN and has reached ± 200.000 passes. From the MDD sensor, it was found that the deflection values increases with increasing passing and decreases with depth of MDD. There is an increase in deflection from the initial pavement conditions until after 200000 passes with an average increase in deflection value of 38.73 micrometers. The progression of rutting at each point has been measured using a profilometer. The average rut depth value after 200000 passes is 8.26 mm. Pavement still indicate good performance and no cracks have occurred because it is still in the early stages of testing. APT testing will continue until the pavement reach structural failure.

Determination of Weight Components Program Performance Indicators National Road Conditions in Indonesia

Bertho Orbain Sowolino — 2023-10-16

The Program Performance Indicators (IKP) stipulated in the Road and Bridge Sector Guidelines No.07/P/BM/2021 are indicators to measure compliance with the specified level of the road service network. The IKP consists of four components, and the IKP value is obtained from the average value of the four components. The four components of IKP and weight of each component specified in the guidelines, namely IRI 60%, PCI 10%, RSL 15%, and drainage effectiveness 15%. The weight can also be adjusted to the specifics of each Balai or Province. This study aims to examine the Components of the Program Performance Index (IKP) in West Papua and West Java Provinces. The research was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method to obtain the ranking of each IKP component. The results of the study showed that the Performance Index Program based on guidelines can be accepted and applied to areas of recognition, namely the provinces of West Papua and West Java, except for the PCI weight for West Java Province, where less than 75% of respondents stated that it was appropriate. The component weights were obtained based on the analysis of the Analytical Hierarchy Process for the West Java region, namely 28% IRI, 27% PCI, 23% RSL, and 22% drainage effectiveness and for West Papua province are IRI 30%, PCI 28%, RSL 24%, and drainage effectiveness 18%. The results of this study can be considered a reference for compiling component weights for each province in Indonesia.

Keywords: IKP, Component Weight

FAST AND ACCURATE WAY TO REPAIR DAMAGE ASPHALT ROAD SURFACE USING CPHMA-MODIF IN WATER-PRONE LOCATIONS TO OPTIMIZE ROAD SERVICE PERFORMANCE

Sutoyo Sutoyo — 2023-10-16

The performance of hot mix asphalt is affected by temperature, especially when spreading (grading) and compaction, will not produce proper performance if the temperature is less than the requirements. In contrast to CPHMA-modif, in all conditions, including watery locations, it can still be formed/spread out and compacted to produce performance that meets technical requirements, even with just the wheels of passing vehicles, it can be compacted and without experiencing grain loss at all. The selection of CPHMA-modif as a material for repairing damage to asphalt pavement surfaces is a smart strategy, because it can be done quickly and precisely, without an adhesive layer, watery conditions (when it rains) can still carry out damage repairs with maximum results. The details of the gradation design and application of CPHMA-modif will be discussed in this paper. Another advantage is that it can be used for heavy traffic, resurfacing or damage repair, because it is supported by a gradation arrangement in which the coarse grains interlock. However, it is still necessary to repair the foundation first if there are locations that experience more deflection than allowed. Deflection of road pavement construction can be tested using the LWD test or proof-rolling with heavy vehicles. The presence of water in the hot asphalt mixture will reduce the properties of the mixture, on the other hand when using CPHMA-modif, water actually becomes the right partner for the spreading and compaction process to achieve maximum CPHMA-modif properties.

Keywords: Quick repair, CPHMA-modif, water, strong and durable.

AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DEFECT DETECTION USING YOLOv8 OBJECT DETECTION ALGORITHM

Ryandra Narlan — 2023-10-16

The pavement condition is a critical factor that determines the level of service quality of a road network, and the defected pavement leads to the increased cost of maintenance due to frequent repair work. The traditional methods of assessing pavement condition are time-consuming, expensive, and often subjective. This study proposed the potential of using deep learning techniques to automate the process of detecting pavement defects. A state-of-the- art object detection algorithm, Yolov8 has shown promising results in various object detection tasks, but its application in pavement defect detection has not been explored extensively. Yolov8 is used to detect the road's various defects, such as pothole, cracking, rutting, patching, raveling and shoving. This study used a dataset of 1550 pavement images with annotated defects to train and test the Yolov8 model. This research demonstrates the potential of using Yolov8 for detecting pavement defects of road pavements. The results of this study can be used to improve the efficiency in the pavement defect inspection processes.

Keywords: Pavement; Defects; Detection; Deep Learning

SUSTAINABLE ROAD CONSTRUCTION: POTHOLE PATCH AS AN EFFECTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR POTHOLE REPAIR

Ir. Hamzah bin Hashim — 2023-10-16

Potholes are a common problem on roads in Malaysia, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall. Excessive rainwater can weaken the underlying soil structure, and the movement of traffic over the affected area can create potholes. In addition, the hot and humid climate in Malaysia can accelerate the deterioration of road surfaces. Potholes in Malaysia pose a hazard to motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians, and they can also cause damage to vehicles. The traditional methods of patching potholes, such as hot mix/cold mix patching methods, have limitations in effectively resolving the pothole problem in Malaysia. One of the main issues with these methods is the inability to prevent water from seeping into the treated area, which can further weaken the supporting soil and lead to the formation of new potholes. This paper is aiming to establish the effectiveness and reliability of the “Pothole Patch” as a potential permanent pothole repair method. This new method can prevent water seepage and prolong the lifespan of the road surface. Pothole Patch unlike traditional methods, can be installed immediately, saving time, and reducing inconvenience for road users. Pothole Patch is sustainable as it uses less raw materials, more environmentally friendly and requires minimal heating compared to traditional methods. The performance has been tested over the past 2 -3 years in Malaysia on low and high-speed roads in Malaysia and its performance, safety features and its durability has been proven are as compatible with the traditional methods.

Effect of foamed technology using agent in warm mixed asphalt with high RAP contents

Kousuke Komiya — 2023-10-16

In recent years, there are growing awareness in environmental issue such as global warming and climate change. These challenging issues are crucial for pavement engineers as asphalt paving works tend to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) when producing asphalt mixtures at batching plants. Therefore, reduction in production temperature might be an urgent demand for asphalt paving industry, in terms of decarbonisation. In addition, the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixture is immediate agenda, with respect to natural resource preservation. In order to tackle the global challenge, foamed asphalt technology (FAT) combined with RAP mixture has been studied and developed to gain the following benefits: reduction in production temperature and preservation of natural resource. This paper aims to describe the effects of foamed asphalt technology enabling the use of RAP material, and the following conclusions are drawn from this study. In terms of reduction in temperature, the results showed that the technology developed in this research can be reduced production temperature by 30°
C. With regard to the use of RAP material, the results obtained from field application revealed that RAP ratio can be increased up to 70% for the application of the FAT with a foaming agent. Finally, field results showed that WMA mixture with high RAP contents using the developed technology has the same properties as that of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture.
Keywords: CO2 reduction, formed technology, foamed agent, WMA mixture, high RAP content

Technology of Adding Zeolite Filler Material To The Construction Of An Alternative Road To The Safari Park

Clara Agustina Galarosa Simatupang Clara Agustina Galarosa Simatupang — 2023-10-16

As a zeolite-producing country, Indonesia has a high wealth of natural resources that can be used as raw materials for road pavement construction. Road construction as a means of transportation has progressed a lot, both in terms of planning, implementation, type of construction, and the type of material used. For this reason, new innovations are needed in the development of pavement structures by utilizing existing natural materials. This natural zeolite is expected to be used as an alternative material for asphalt mixtures. This research was conducted to evaluate the use of zeolite filler on the performance of the AC-BC mixture using the warm mix asphalt method based on Marshall parameters. Tests in the laboratory were carried out to obtain Marshall property values with reference asphalt content, namely 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6.5, and 7.0% with variations in zeolite content of 1.0%. The optimal asphalt content obtained is 6.1%. According to the Marshall test results, the stability value is 1362 kg, the density is 2,381 t/m3, the VMA is 16.0%, the VFB is 74.30%, and the VIM is 4.11%. From the test results, we obtained results that show values that meet the requirements of the specification. After analyzing the results obtained from Marshall testing of warm asphalt mixtures with the use of zeolite fillers, zeolite can be used as an additive to warm asphalt mixtures represented by Marshall characteristic values.

Keywords: filler, Marshall, mix ac-bc, warm mix asphalt, Zeolite

Transition Towards a Circular Economy in Road Construction Materials: A Case Study of Coal Ashes, Plastics, and Rubbers in Indonesia

Siska Dewi — 2023-10-16

Linear economic models of consumption and production mostly dominate resource management practice in the construction industry. A transition towards a circular economy requires insights into the stages and processes associated with socio-technical transitions. This paper aims to investigate such transitions in practice. It explores two frameworks within the literature on transitions - the multi-level perspective (MLP) and transition management theory. Coal ashes (fly ash & bottom ash), plastics, and rubbers as recycled materials for road construction in Indonesia are used as a study case. The study aims to identify the critical features of such a transition in road construction in Indonesia. First, the technical standards being developed are explored. Second, secondary sources (e.g., official reports, scientific papers, regulations, and reputable news reports) were collected to gather information regarding material utilisation practices. Third, interviews with key stakeholders during discussions were conducted to triangulate information about establishing circular economy practices. The study's results show that these materials are in a different state of practice. Coal ashes are far more advanced than the rest because of accumulated knowledge in research and established collaboration with industrial actors. The use of recycled plastics is growing because of the emerging formation of value chains, but it is still in limited applications. Rubbers are seeking a window of opportunity for wide application. The lack of sustained agendas and coalitions with respective actors hinders the transition. This paper implies that advancing the technical aspects (e.g., development of standards) alone may not be helping the road authorities for achieving a successful transition towards a circular economy in road construction. Specific problem framing, mobilisation of actors, and learning from the actual applications will firmly establish the transition.

Keywords: transition management, sustainable construction, recycled materials, rubbers, Indonesia

Vehicle Classification based on Axle Distance in Indonesia using B-WIM Data

Anjang Nugroho — 2023-10-16

Road deterioration has become a major concern in Indonesia, with heavy traffic being a contributing factor. The repetitive loading from axle loads caused by traffic leads to wear and tear on the roads surface. Each vehicle has its own axle load based on their axle configuration making vehicle configuration classification crucial in pavement design. Weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology has been utilized to classify vehicles based on their axle distances. However, Indonesia still relies on foreign standards to determine vehicle configuration categories by axle distance range value. To address this issue, a study was conducted using Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) technology to collect axle distance data from vehicles traveling on National Road from Batang to Kendal in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The collected WIM data was subjected to statistical analysis to determine the range values. This range values were used as a guideline in determining Directorate General of Highway’s vehicle configuration categories by using BWIM. The findings of the study have significant implications for Indonesian regulation of vehicle dimensions in preventing overload and over dimension issues. Moreover, this research study can serve as a basis for future development in this field, providing a more accurate vehicle classification system for Indonesian roads.

Review of Smart Technology for Road Development in IKN (Indonesia New Capital Nusantara)

Danis H Sumadilaga — 2023-10-16

IKN or Indonesia New Capital Nusantara is a proposed plan to build a new capital city to replace Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia. It is planned to be located in East Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo. The project is expected to cost around $33 billion and will be built on a 180,000-hectare site. The vision of Indonesia New Capital Nusantara (IKN) is to create a sustainable, smart, and modern capital city that can accommodate the growing population and economic needs of Indonesia. The new capital city is designed to be a showcase of innovative urban planning and development, incorporating the latest technologies and environmental standards. The new capital will be a low-carbon city with a focus on green transportation and renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate some of the smart technologies used in road development for the IKN. Among the smart technologies discussed are submerged tunnel technology, electric charging lanes, Building Information System on road design, and a connected charging parking system to street lighting. This study employs a systematic review as a method, as well as data from the IKN Task Force team's masterplan and detailed planning and design. The findings indicate that some technologies are critical and should be used to assist cities in achieving their objectives. This report is interesting because it provides the reader with a wide overview of the application of smart road technology in Indonesia's new monumental cities..

Developing Road Asset Management System (RAMS) 5 Using Pavement Management, Trip-based Model, 6 and User Satisfaction Approaches

Gatot Virgianto — 2023-10-16

Road administrators as an implementer of road asset management (RAM) are obliged to control everything from asset planning, inspection maintenance, rehabilitation, etc. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Public Work and Housing dealing with road infrastructures has issued a policy to prioritize Optimization, Maintenance, Operation, and Rehabilitation, abbreviated as OMOR, rather than constructing new infrastructures during the pandemic COVID 19. This is in line with the concept of RAM including maintenance and rehabilitation activities of the road surface in pavement management. This study considers the trip-based model and user satisfaction approaches to optimize pavement maintenance and rehabilitation activities in the OMOR processes. The trip-based model is a result of the network traffic speed throughout the trip duration. The primary objectives of this research are as follows: (1) investigating the influence of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation on road networks based on the trip-based model, (2) surveying user satisfaction in the road network in terms of pavement condition, and (3) optimizing RAM processes for the OMOR. Approaches and methodologies are analysis of the pavement roughness quantified with the International Roughness Index (IRI) using a driving simulator in terms of questionnaire-based user satisfaction. The finding illustrates what exact IRI is comfortable through various speeds in trip-based viewpoints. It contributes to RAM by developing a new maintenance criterion, especially for local roads in terms of IRI.

Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy of Mobile Mapping System (MMS) for Asset Monitoring

Iwan Hermawan — 2023-10-16

The digitalization of construction is a must while working with BIM workflow. The digitalization process visually conducted by utilizing digital survey of assets in every stage from design, construction to operation and maintenance. PT Hutama Karya (Persero) as Indonesia state-owned enterprise that operate the mega project Trans Sumatera Toll Road along 2,800 Kilometers, utilizes Mobile Mapping System (MMS) Leica Pegasus Two Ultimate to conduct a digital survey in order to monitor toll road assets to fulfill the minimum standard. The application of MMS for construction and operation & maintenance phases are International Roughness Index (IRI) value calculation, road subsidence monitoring, 3D as-built model, and also asset management. Therefore, PT Hutama Karya (Persero) should ensure that the precision and accuracy of digital survey using MMS is appropriate for monitoring toll road asset according to the standard. The research was conducted in order to obtain the accuracy and precision value of MMS Leica Pegasus Two Ultimate by comparing 4 data surveys from a different time periods in vary of temperatures and humidity. The MMS data was acquired on the residential road along 2 kilometers at speed of 40kmph. The MMS measurements were done in 4 lanes in every mission. The position obtained from PPK method with 1 receiver GNSS as a base station with a 2- kilometer radius. Meanwhile, the digital survey team also collect 16 Independent Check Point (ICP) using rapid static method. The analysis is conducted to obtain the precision value lane in one mission and between 2 missions, the distribution of point cloud in order to form 2D and 3D objects and also the Z accuracy of each mission compared with the ICP data. The research also compared the precision value of 4 missions in raster elevation with 1m x 1m spacing grid. The precision value between missions in 10 sample locations also represented by the standard deviation with minimum value of 0.007 m, a maximum of 0.012 m and an average standard deviation in 10 locations of 0.010 m. The precision value for mission between missions in substracted raster elevation also represented by the standard deviation with minimum value of 0.000 m, a maximum of 0.048 m and an average standard deviation of 0.014 m.Visually with a Iwan Hermawan 2 qualitative approach, point cloud results from 4 data surveys could form road mark and public street lighting well and with minimum dispersion. The Z accuracy from 16 ICP for 4 missions resulted in an average LE90 of 0.137m The research also showed that there are no effects of temperature in 270 – 320 C range and humidity with 66 % – 86 % range on the precision and accuracy of MMS. Therefore, the conclusion is the MMS could be used to conduct a digital survey within 1: 1000 map scale product based on map accuracy standard from Indonesia Geospatial Information Agency for conduct road monitoring and 3D modelling for toll road asset management.

Implementation of Laser Scanning Technology for Digital Asset Management of Bridges in Indonesia: A Case Study of Pulau Balang Bridge in East Kalimantan

Heru Tri Saksena — 2023-10-16

Laser scanning technology can revolutionize collecting and analyzing as-built infrastructure data, providing highly accurate and detailed information about structures and surroundings. This research presents the implementation of laser scanning technology on a bridge project and its results, including the accuracy and reliability of the data and the final digital asset produced. This research presents a case study using laser scanning for asset management of Pulau Balang Bridge in East Kalimantan. The research will use a descriptive methodology to explain the steps taken in the laser scanning project, including data acquisition and processing methods to turn it into digital assets for bridge asset management in Indonesia. The methodology will include data acquisition and processing methods as well as the steps taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data. This research presents the potential advantages, challenges, and future uses of laser scanning technology for bridge asset management in Indonesia and a roadmap for implementing a digital asset management system for bridges in Indonesia. Based on the findings, there is a difference in volume between the 3D results made based on point clouds from laser scanning measurements because laser scanning measurements cannot interpret closed parts such as voids in the pylon structure. Visual verification based on secondary data such as engineering drawings is required to ensure digital assets produced from laser scanning follow actual conditions.

Maintenance Of Toll Highway In Malaysia; Expressway Performance Indicator (EPI)

Ir. Sazali Harun — 2023-10-16

Managing a vast highway network comprising of multiple type of assets such as pavements, drainage, slopes, structures, tolling equipment and other elements to the specific level of performance is definitely a challenge. Utilizing the GIS system, Expressway Performance Indicator (EPI) was developed as an online system tool to monitor each highway concessionaire’s performance in fulfilling their obligation to maintain the highway as stipulated in the concession agreement.

Bridge maintenance system with automated inspection equipment and BIM platform

Hyeong Taek KANG — 2023-10-16

Currently, there are 9,665 bridges (1,230 kilometers long) on highways operated by Korea Expressway Corporation, and they are an important target for road network maintenance. To efficiently manage bridges in harsh maintenance environments, such as large temperature swings, deicers, and heavy traffic, engineers are developing new technologies to modernize bridge maintenance. The most important maintenance object on a bridge is the bridge deck. In the past, bridge deck conditions were assessed by visual inspection, core sampling, etc. after closing to traffic. Since 2010, GPR installed in vehicles has been used to precisely investigate damage to bridge pavements, waterproofing layers, and concrete slabs without disrupting traffic. The most common problem with highway bridges is expansion joint narrowing, caused by ground settlement and excessive pavement expansion. In some cases, the narrowing has progressed so far that it has caused expansion joints or concrete pavement blow-up, resulting in vehicle accidents. To prevent serious accidents, it is necessary to regularly inspect the normal movement and clearance of more than 14,700 expansion joints. For the purpose of inspecting expansion joints, we have developed and utilized a device that acquires digital images of expansion joints while driving and automatically analyzes the clearance at expansion joints. BIM technology utilized in the construction field has the advantage of improving work efficiency, so it is being introduced to the maintenance field. By utilizing inspection data and maintenance history combined with 3D model, an engineer can intuitively and quantitatively determine the condition of the structure, further improving work efficiency. Currently, the project to build a bridge BIM maintenance platform that can automatically generate and manage 3D BIM models is underway. ‘Building a 3D model of the existing bridge’ and ‘how to manipulate digital data’ were emerged as key issues, and a solution was developed. New technologies were introduced to overcome the inefficiencies of traditional maintenance. Visual and human inspections were replaced by automated non-destructive testing, and paper-based records management was replaced by 3D BIM-based digital data management. In this article, we present a new bridge maintenance methodology and share our experience. Keywords: bridge management system, BIM, GPR, expansion joints

Relationship Between the Degree of Pothole and International Roughness 5 Index for Pavement Maintenance Prioritization

Lijalem Yalew — 2023-10-16

In developing countries including Ethiopia, potholes are the major problem of paved roads after the rainy season. There should be criteria that enable roads with potholes to be prioritized in addition to the International Roughness Index (IRI). The IRI is used as a maintenance priority indicator as it can show the average deviation of the road surface (in mm/m or m/km). However, using IRI only may lead to misinformation when there are potholes that are severely damaged and may cause traffic accidents as well as high user costs. There are conditions in which a pothole develops at some stations of the road while there is no damage to the road in other sections. If the condition of potholes is without consideration into IRI-based pavement inspection, it brings inappropriate result and then the road users complain. In the light of this background, this study examines the relationship between the degree of pothole and IRI. In order to establish the relationship artificial pothole data at different intervals such as 10 m, 20 m, and 40 m are used while considering a road segment of 100 m for the calculation of IRI. In this study, depths of 25mm,50mm, 75mm, and 100mm are considered for paved roads with two layers of asphalt (case in Addis Ababa City Roads). In addition to the depth and interval of the pothole, the pothole diameters such as 0.2 m,0.5 m, and 0.75 m (plan area) are also considered. This study contributes to the establishment of criteria for pothole conditions that are used in conjunction with the IRI for the prioritization of pavement maintenance.

APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR ANALYSIS OF ROAD NETWORK DEVELOPMENT NEEDS IN EAST TANJUNG JABUNG REGENCY

Muhammad Radinal — 2023-10-16

Road infrastructure plays an important role in facilitating the mobility of people, goods, and services in a region. The development of quality road infrastructure can improve connectivity between regions and provide better accessibility for the community. However, in East Tanjung Jabung Regency, road infrastructure experienced problems such as damage, traf ic congestion, and accidents. Road construction is essential to increase economic productivity, ef iciency of distribution of goods and services, and accessibility to various public facilities. Therefore, careful and targeted analysis is needed to meet the needs of road construction. One way that can be done is to use a Geographic Information System (GIS). This paper discusses the application of GIS for the analysis of road network development needs in East Tanjung Jabung Regency. The purpose of this study is to assist local governments in making strategic decisions related to road construction by utilizing GIS technology that can provide visual and spatial information. The methods used in this study are data collection, GIS data processing, and analysis of road network development needs. The results showed that the use of GIS can help local governments determine the most optimal road construction location based on geographical and socioeconomic factors. In addition, the use of GIS can also facilitate area mapping and estimation of road construction costs. In conclusion, the application of GIS can be an ef ective solution in increasing ef iciency and accuracy in road construction planning in East Tanjung Jabung Regency. By utilizing GIS technology, local governments can minimize the risk of errors in decision making and ensure that road construction is carried out ef ectively and ef iciently. Keywords: GIS, mapping, road construction

The First Large-Scale Renewal Work on the Metropolitan Expressway

Goki SHIMADA — 2023-10-16

The Metropolitan Expressway is an urban expressway that extends approximately 327km. Route No.1 Haneda Line connects Tokyo International Airport and Tokyo's central area, operating for about 60 years since 1963. This route has been seriously damaged by chloride attacks and heavy traffic. The structure also has poor maintainability due to being close to the seawater surface. Therefore, there was concern that maintenance and repair of the existing structures would be enormously expensive and labor-intensive. To solve these issues, the renewal work to reconstruct this structure started in 2016. 18 This renewal work has three main features. The first is a design that takes maintenance and durability into consideration. The renewal area is 1.9 km and is divided into a pier section and a reclamation area. In the pier section, the bridge girder is elevated to ensure distance from the seawater surface and is covered with permanent scaffolding to block corrosion factors. In the reclamation area, we adopt highly durable factory-made precast segments to adapt to corrosive environments. This is an unprecedented application of a bridge form to a box culvert structure. Second, creating a detour route realizes construction with minimum impact on heavy traffic. Third, precast members for many components are employed to achieve a short-term construction period. With this renewal work, the renewed road structure will be a durability of 100 years and a maintenance-friendly structure that can be easily inspected and repaired. This paper presents a large-scale renewal work that achieved rational life-cycle management and met social needs.

Development of Indonesia’s Road Management System

Suaryana NYOMAN — 2023-10-16

This paper presents the development of an Integrated Road Asset Management System called Indonesia Road Management System (IRMS-V3). It was developed with technical assistance from the Indonesia Australia Infrastructure Partnership (KIAT), funded by the Government of Australia. The Directorate General of Highways of Indonesia (DGH) uses the system to prepare short- and medium-term road maintenance work plans for more than 47,000 km of national roads across the country. Indonesia’s national roads maintenance budget is in the order of IDR 20 trillion (USD 1.5 billion) per annum. An asset management system integrating road condition monitoring, asset deterioration modelling, and lifecycle cost optimization using constrained resourcing helps to maximize the value for money, demonstrating improved public financial management and return on infrastructure investment. IRMS-V3 was developed on the AgileAssets platform. KIAT’s technical assistance has helped to develop road network definitions, road condition monitoring framework, data quality systems, asset deterioration models, network treatment models and optimization models. These models were set up, configured and tested for the pavement assets. The DGH central teams use the system to develop strategic work programs, and DGH field offices use it to prepare operational work programs. KIAT is providing ongoing technical assistance to extend the IRMS-V3 to include bridges, road slopes, road safety, and drainage in the road management system and the systems’ capability to undertake cross-assets analysis. The system will also integrate climate exposure and proofing considerations in preparing the maintenance work plans.

Increasing Accuracy and Efficiency of Pavement Monitoring Process using Mobile and Webbased Geographical Information System (GIS)

Keumala Soraya Rizka — 2023-10-16

Several toll road managers consider road pavement as their main asset. Based on the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 392/PRT/M/2005, toll road managers must enforce minimum Service Standards (SPM), including the condition of toll road pavement. The damage on toll road pavement must be identified to ensure immediate, precise, and efficient repairment. Hence, asset management is crucial to deliver service and to increase value-for-money. The inventorization of toll road pavement usually requires a long and manual process, including inspection, and planning. Therefore, it is necessary to re-think better management of pavement in order to prevent impediment of asset improvement planning and to provide the best service to road users. This study suggests an improvement of inventorization, inspection, and quick data presentation of toll road pavement condition through GIS based dashboard Monitoring system. Field surveyors are equipped by smartphone applications to inspect and categorize the pavement condition in real-time. The GIS mobile application displays the location per ID (1 ID = 200 meters in 4 lanes). Each ID is divided into 160 sectors (1 sector = 5 meters). The survey also measures risk rankings and defect types according to the observed sector. Asset condition data is automatically stored in the database to be displayed on the real time web dashboard. This new method simplifies the workflow, which results in focused repairment planning, efficient damage monitoring, and smarter budget planning.

Drying Wetting Effect On The Mechanical Characteristics of Bobonaro Clay (Case Study: East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia)

Saleh Muh — 2023-10-16

Dafala-Laktutus STA.149+140 is a part of the Motaain-Henes-Motamasin Road which is the border road of the Republic of Indonesia-Democratic Republic of Timor Leste in the eastern sector whose management is the authority of the East Nusa Tenggara BPJN. Several road constructions on the RI-Timor Leste border in the province of East Nusa Tenggara were built on the soil of the Bobonaro clay formation, known as problematic clay soil. This indicates that along the road segment, there has been a landslide. Therefore, it is important to research the characteristics of this Bobonaro clay. This research was carried out on a laboratory scale by carrying out drying wetting tests carried out for up to three (3) cycles. In the wetting-drying test, the specimens were made using soil samples in the remolded disturb condition which refers to the initial conditions of the initial undisturbed soil test results with wetting-drying test intervals per 25% moisture content (w). Determination of soil mechanical parameters is carried out by unconfined testing and suction testing referring to ASTM D 5298-03 Soil Suction Method with Filter Paper. In general, the wetting-drying cycle causes a decrease in the mechanical parameters of the Bobonaro clay. The free compressive strength, qu [Kg/cm2 ] decreased by 21.51% and caused the negative pore water pressure (suction), -Uw also decreased from the 1st cycle to the 3rd cycle by 66.71%. Significant changes began to be seen in conditions of water content, w of 13.5%, but between the 2nd cycle to the 3rd cycle there was no significant change.

The Potential of Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) as a Soil Improvement Method for Liquefaction Prevention: A Review

Maulana Rafiq Ramadhan — 2023-10-16

Liquefaction is an alarming disaster because it causes damage to infrastructure, especially in urban areas. Liquefaction can be prevented by improving soil strength. Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) utilizes precipitated carbonate from hydrolyzed urea with the urease enzyme as a binder between soil particles. The binder increased the stiffness and strength of the soil. The EICP method improved the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of non-cohesive soils up to 400 kPa – 1600 kPa. This study aims to understand the potential of EICP as a relatively new improvement method for potentially liquefied soil. A qualitative approach is used in this study by related literature analysis and previous studies on EICP and its application. The aspects of UCS strength, application method cost are discussed in this study to show the potential EICP method as a soil improvement method. The expected result of this study is that EICP has the potential to improve the strength of potentially liquefied soil. In addition, EICP can be an alternative method for liquefaction prevention which is the latest and environmentally friendly.

Paint repair of Rainbow Bridge in consideration of landscape

Hiroyuki Nakamizo — 2023-10-16

The Rainbow Bridge is a large and symbolic cable suspension bridge located across the Tokyo Bay and connects between Central Tokyo area and Bay shore area. The design of the main towers and the color of the bridge were examined by landscape and structural experts before the construction had begun. The Bridge has been popular as a landmark of Tokyo Bay since its completion in 1993. However, more than 25 years have passed since the Rainbow Bridge was constructed, several parts of paint film of the bridge towers had partially deteriorated due to the effects of ultraviolet rays, rain and wind. In addition, since the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games were scheduled in 2020, it was necessary to improve the landscape of the bridge with repainting because the bridge was located near athlete villages and attracts attention for visitors and athletes from foreign countries. This paper describes landscape considerations before construction of Rainbow Bridge, and repair planning and a repair method that was carried out quickly and safely without large regulation of traffic even the location was highly place over the bay.

An Evaluation of the Conditions of Indonesian National Road Bridges Due to Overloaded Vehicles

Arya Bagus Kevin Rajendra — 2023-10-16

The issue of overloaded vehicles in Indonesia remains unresolved. Overloaded vehicles can cause traffic accidents, accelerate road damage, and can have fatal consequences for bridge elements, leading to their collapse. National roads in Indonesia are the primary distribution routes used by heavy vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the load capacity of bridges under overloading conditions to prevent such disasters. The objective of this study is to determine the permissible weight of overloaded vehicles and their impact on the bridge. By assessing the load capacity of bridges, authorities can ensure that these structures are designed and maintained to withstand the stresses caused by overloading, thus ensuring the safety of road users. The findings of this study will be beneficial for future infrastructure projects and will help in developing strategies to prevent overloading and ensure the long-term sustainability of the transportation system. The study analyzes the bridge load capacity against truck load and lane load by utilizing secondary data and comparing the bridge design standards. Various truck axle and bridge span lengths (30 m, 60 m, 100 m) are analyzed and compared to determine the permissible weight of overloaded vehicles. Additionally, the study suggests that the government should provide loading dispensation for roads and bridges and establish regulations on industrial logistics systems. Furthermore, businesses should comply with the regulations on the dimensions and heaviest axle load of logistics vehicles.

Potential Utilization of Latex in Road Slope Surface Erosion Control with the Taplok Method

Asep Sunandar — 2023-10-16

One of the efforts to increase the added value of natural rubber can be done by utilizing latex as an added material in controlling erosion of the road slope surface using the taplok method. The taplok method is a way of planting vegetation seeds contained in a mixture of taplok, consisting of seeds, adhesives, mulch, fertilizer, and water, on the surface of the road slope which is done taplok. The addition of latex in the planting material mixture using the taplok method is expected to produce an attractive force when it comes in contact with the surface of the planting material and the soil. This study aims to obtain latex performance in improving the stability/adhesion of taplok material, vegetation growth, and decreasing road slope surface erosion. The analysis method used is a descriptive analysis of the effect of latex on the adhesion of taplok material and soil, vegetation cover, and the amount of soil erosion. The study results show that latex can be used to increase the stability or adhesion of 5-10 cm soil layers, support denser, greener, and healthier vegetation cover, and increase the reduction of road slope surface erosion to close to 100%.

An Optimum Depth of Bored Piles for Bridge Foundations Penetrating Hard Soil Layers: A Case Study of Tiong Ohang–Long Pahangai Road Section in East Kalimantan

Arya Bagus Kevin Rajendra — 2023-10-16

Indonesia has complex soil characteristics that are influenced by diverse topography and geology conditions, particularly in border areas such as Kalimantan. A bridge foundation in hard soil can resist vertical forces but requires additional depth to withstand horizontal forces. The bridge construction project on the Tiong Ohang– Long Pahangai/Border Parallel Road in East Kalimantan encountered foundation drilling challenges and low productivity due to hard soil conditions. Therefore, evaluating the foundation design depth is necessary to determine the optimum depth for hard soil. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relation of soil characteristics and bridge foundation design. It will be beneficial for future infrastructure projects in similar conditions. To conduct this evaluation, secondary data in the form of soil testing results obtained from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and bridge design are used. The foundation depth in the design is 15 meters below ground level. Various foundation depths were analyzed using GROUP software to obtain forces and diagrams of deflection and bending moment. Based on the results, the optimum foundation depth was determined. It was found that at a depth of 5 meters below ground level, no further forces were present. So, it is sufficient to insert the bored pile at the optimum depth to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Additional piles can be added to the foundation if more load is required, rather than increasing the depth beyond the determined optimum depth.

Comparative Study of Performance-Based Seismic Design Criteria for continuously reinforced concrete bridge using NCHRP and Bridge Assesment Guidelines for Ministry of Public Works and Housing

Reza Agus Kurniawan — 2023-10-16

Current guidelines for bridge assessment in Indonesia still use manual checking due to structural element existing damages. This checking requires terms and conditions according to the condition of the bridge which is related to its life span and maintenance periods. However, there are several damage indicators that define the certain performance level of bridge structure which is called “Nilai Kondisi”. This approach is being used to determine the type of activity that will be done in the following year for maintaining its life span. There is a new approach that is directly linked to connecting the relationship of engineering design parameters and damage limit states to identify the performance level of a bridge. These parameters are designed to predict the performance level of the bridge by seismic demands. Following the new procedure, which is introduced in NCHRP 949 document, a study was carried out to assess the seismic performance of a continuously reinforced concrete bridge. The analysis method is using non-linear time history analysis which is composed of seven pairs of selected ground motions that already matched to soil properties of the selected bridge location. This study suggests that the selected bridge satisfies the seismic demands, by evaluating the proposed engineering design parameters. In addition, the damage parameters that are suggested by Bridge Assessment Guidelines for Ministry of Housing and Works Standards which is guided by the procedure of the BMS 92 document show that the damage levels are still in safety state. This study suggests that the bridge is “fully operational” for upper-level ground motion (1000-year return period) and lower-level ground motion (100- year return period).

Correlation Of Cone Resistance To Soil Resitivity From The Mae X612-Em+ Resistivity Meter Testing Belong To Case Study Of Public Works Polytechnic Campus Tembalang Semarang

Daru Jaka Sasangka — 2023-10-16

Infrastructure development always requires geotechnical investigation to provide adequate design data. The condition of soil stratification is a challenge in itself because it is often unique between places that are not too far away. Often the design is constrained by the limitations of in-situ field test data and laboratory data to describe the right stratification conditions in the field, especially in continuous infrastructure development including the construction of roads and irrigation canals. Soil resistivity data is continuous data laterally and vertically so that it can assist in making soil stratification properly, this data can be used if it is able to describe geotechnical parameters, one way is to correlate the resistivity value with the results of the CPT (Sondir) test. Geoelectrical measurements used the MAE X612-EM+ equipment for 24 electrodes with a configuration of 2 meters between electrodes and a total length of 48 for each track and consisted of 4 tracks. The study was carried out on volcanic breccia residue deposits from the Kaligetas Formation which is located in the volleyball court complex at Campus I of the Public Works Polytechnic. Which is based on the empirical classification of the comparison of the value of the ratio of friction and conus resistance the soil can be classified as clay and silt. From the CPT and Resisitivity tests, it shows that the depth of hard soil is at a depth of about 5 meters. Resistivity test configuration using dipole dipole method. From the CPT and Resistivity meter tests, a correlation is obtained between the value of the conus resistance (qc) and the resistivity value. it can be concluded that a qc value below 50 kg/cm2 indicates a resistivity meter value below 67.3 ohm.m. The qc value is 50 kg/cm2 – 120 kg/cm2 then the resistivity value of the resistivity results also shows a value of 67.3- 135 ohm.m, the qc value is 120 – 250 kg/cm2 then the resistivity value of the resistivity results also shows a value of 135 - 541 ohm.m , and qc values above 250 kg/cm2 indicate values above 541 ohm.m.

The Relevance of Nuclear and Particle Physics Civilization to Secure Better and Sustainable Civil Infrastructure: Buildings, Roads, Dams and Bridges

Ariono Dhanisworo Indra Budhi — 2023-10-16

Since the establishment of CERN in 1954 and nuclear bomb blast at year 1945 in Japan, the world has changed dramatically. Now, many Uranium, Thorium or Radioisotope found in South East Asian Nations. The other area like Bhutan, Tibet and Mongol which is considered as the area of third world also show similar discoveries. If we date back at the time Rutherford bombard metal with alpha particle nearly at the speed of light collision at year 1909, now people start to think how to create smashed particles at the speed of doubling the speed of light (2c) which hypothesized of creating black hole. The black hole can teleport high density energy called anti-matter over large distance that some conspiracy theory it caused The Turkey Earthquake at year 2023 or somehow all anti[1]matter in the world interacts each other. Indonesia government, together with other nations try to deliver better and sustainable civil infrastructures while some scepticism said that Taipei 101 (The Mega High-Rise Building in Taiwan) triggered earthquake due to its own gravity load so does the dams. It is postulated that beneath tectonic plate contains anti-matter that under severe pressure can explode and release high amount of energy. Since the energy density of uranium and other radionuclide is so high, it is expected that the nuclear power plant will exert only small amount of gravity load on tectonic plate compared to hydrocarbon power plant which in turn reduce earthquake.

Design Comparison of Wain River Bridge on New Capital City Toll Road Section 3A: Karangjoang – KKT Kariangau

Andrew Nugraha Standyarto — 2023-10-16

To distribute country development and as a centralization of government, Indonesia will move its capital city from the crowded Jakarta in Java Island to New Capital City (IKN) of Nusantara in East Kalimantan. To ensure the connectivity and accessibility between existing city of Balikpapan to Nusantara, several sections of toll roads are built from 2022 - 2024, including Toll Road of Section 3A that connects Karangjoang to Container Terminal of Kariangau. There are many structures that will be built along the trace such as pile slab, box culvert, underpass, overpass and the 913 m long bridge that crosses 3 segments of Wain River on STA 18+664. From initial DED, the main span of bridge only uses 50 m PCI Girder, but from more thorough survey and agreement with Ministry of Transportation, it’s agreed that from the 5 m designed clearance is then changed to 10.5 m to accommodate local company’s passing tugboats and pontons. Bridge design on the passed 3 main spans of river is then conducted on 2 alternatives, 66 m Steel Box Girder (SBG) and 60.8 m Bulb Tee / Prestressed Concrete T (PCT) Girder. Both designs are compared based on method, cost and duration. Both bridges will use launching gantry for erection with 250 billion IDR cost in 114 days just for SBG main span while Bulb Tee with cost of 178.5 billion IDR in 102 days. From the analysis done, the SBG design is more costly by 40.22% and time consuming by 11.76% to be implemented. Therefore, Bulb Tee Girder is applied for Wain River Bridge main spans.

POINT DETERMINATION AND DEPTH OF PYLON AND ANCHOR POSITIONS FOR DETERMINING SPAN LENGTH MUNA - BUTON BRIDGE

Derry Prasetya Putra Santosa — 2023-10-16

Planning of the Muna - Buton Bridge which is will connect two large islands in Southeast Sulawesi Province Muna Island and Buton Island, based on the results of the analysis so as not to disturb flight and ship lanes height is limited to 200 m, and bridge clearance height is limited to 50,88 m, so selected suspension bridge for bridge type. The result of preliminary survey found a lot fracture in Buton Island that will have an effect of bridge span determination. Detailed geological mapping, geoelectrical survey and drill log correlation, carried out to determine the placement of pylon dan anchor so that efficient and safe span can be obtained. The results of the study there are 21 fractures at the location plan of the Muna - Buton (Buton Island), and there are 5 fractures passed by bridge center line directional fractures are NE – NW. Lithology that composes subsurface geology Muna Island are silt, claystone and marl and lithology that composes subsurface geology Buton Island are soil, limestone, and claystone. Laterally the Pylon and Anchor Laying on the Buton Island are in the Moderate Zone, vertically the pylon and anchor are located in claystone at depth 60 meter under the ground. In Muna Island Vertically the pylon and anchor are located in the Low Risk Zone and no fracture effect. Pylon and anchor are located in claystone at depth 60 meter under the ground. The span obtained by pulling the two pylon points is 765 m which is a medium cost and safe span for the construction of the Muna - Buton Bridge.

Liquefaction Potential Identification Based on Zonation, Soil Characteristics, and Semi-Empirical Approach (Case Study: Flyover Design in Java Island)

Panji Arrie Priyadi — 2023-10-16

This study aims to investigate the liquefaction potential of flyover (FO) design spread across Java Island, including; FO Balaraja Barat, FO Karanganyar, FO Kutowinangun, FO Canguk, FO Gamping, FO Kartini, and FO Aloha. In practical terms, liquefaction vulnerability by location can refer to the Liquefaction Vulnerability Zone Atlas by the Geological Agency. Further, the liquefaction potential can also be examined from the soil deposit type, the non[1]cohesive soil’s existence, shallow groundwater level <3 m, and the ground surface acceleration (amax) that occurs during an earthquake ≥0.17 g. Meanwhile, to obtain the value of the safety factor against liquefaction (SF), a semiempirical approach was used by Boulanger and Idriss (2014) and for quantitative analysis of liquefaction severity by Sonmez and Gokceuglu (2005). As a result, most of the FO location is practically in the zone of moderate liquefaction vulnerability except for FO Balaraja Barat and FO Canguk. Based on soil characteristics, the entire location has a layer of sandy soil resulting in a low to moderate category for soil deposits. Moreover, based on amax, all FO locations are close to the earthquake source with an amax of >0.35 g. However, the potential result of the semi-empirical approach is spread in the soil layer of FO Kutowinangun, FO Kartini, and FO Aloha only. For quantitative analysis, FO Kutowinangun and FO Aloha include very low classification, and FO Kartini includes a low classification for potential liquefaction. For liquefaction mitigation, it can avoid the surface liquefaction layers or use end-bearing type foundations.

Dynamic Approach for Estimating Stay Cable Forces as Best Practice in Cable Bridge Systems (Case Study: Pulau Balang Bridge)

Armen Adekristi — 2023-10-16

Stayed cable bridge technology is progressively advancing to meet the needs of fixed transportation routes. A reliable maintenance program beginning with condition monitoring is required to ensure structural safety. Stayed cable monitoring, which is integral to the bridge's integrity, is essential. Dynamic testing approaches have been developed to estimate the stayed cable force, with this paper presenting verification for several dynamic formulas on the Pulau Balang Bridge's stayed cables (total of 168). The dynamic test results were compared to actual forces obtained through direct measurements using a hydraulic system (lift-off). This paper serves as field evidence, demonstrating the effectiveness of dynamic testing approaches as a best practice for monitoring cable-supported bridge systems.

Development of bridge inspection quality assurance for sustainable bridge management system in Indonesia

Irawan R. — 2023-10-16

As an effort to maintain the operational sustainability of the bridge in serving the development of vehicle traffic loads and environmental changes that may occur, handling work is carried out in the form of bridge countermeasures that are determined based on the results of a visual inspection of the type, severity, and quantity of bridge damage, as well as the influence between elements due to damage that occurs on the observed bridge. The results of an evaluation of visual inspection reports from approximately 30 inspectors over the last 3 years show an inability to correctly and completely identify damage to critical elements for each bridge structural system and material. This encourages the need for initiating efforts to minimize the consequences of invalid data on the performance decline of the bridge management system in Indonesia in anticipating bridge collapse. For this reason, three phases of evaluation and improvement of the main bridge data are currently being developed in the form of intensifying forums for data validation from visual inspection either face-to-face or via teleconference media, field validation activities to confirm the type, location, and amount of damage to several sample bridges, and application of data verification and validation procedures that focus on inventory data, bridge condition, and damage data, and bridge countermeasures data. It was found that the causes of invalid data were mainly due to the high workload of inspectors in performing detailed visual inspections, obstacles to accessing damage positions, and non-uniform inspector qualifications

Water Level Change Effect of Irrigation Canal on The Stability of The Road and the Solution (Case Study: Pejagan – Prupuk National Road)

Pratama Dicky — 2023-10-16

Pejagan – Prupuk National Road is built on soil that is built next to irrigation. Currently, the location is being handled by installing geomembranes and subsurface drainage pipes. As an effort to maintain the quality of the road body, then a study was conducted to determine the risk because of irrigation canals seepage on the stability of the road body. This research is a parametric study related to the effect of soil parameters changes due to water content changes. With changes in water content resulting in changes in soil parameters as well, an analysis of stability of the road body is carried out. Landslide that occurs during construction are most likely caused by soil crack behavior and rapid drawdown by water. Water level behavior is suddenly shown by a decrease in FoS from 2,591 to 2,271. Reverse analysis to soil behavior such as sand is carried out to get a critical FoS value of 0.735. A quick solution to deal with the risk of landslides in the day is the installation of a bamboo cerucuk with a sliding resistance of 1.3 kN, a length of 3.5 meters, a space of 0.3 meters and 8 for each line.

INFLUENCE OF EARTHQUAKE LOAD AND RAINFALL EFFECT ON NATIONAL ROAD SLOPES NEAR CUGENANG FAULT ZONE

Anggit Dwi Nafisah — 2023-10-16

In November 2022 an earthquake occurred with a magnitude of 5.6 in Cianjur and its surroundings caused by the movement of the Cugenang Fault. As a result of the earthquake, landslides occurred in several places which resulted in damage and loss of life to road users. One of the landslide locations on the national road section occurred on the slope at STA 2+700. To anticipate risk of future landslides due to earthquake loads and high rain intensity around the Cugenang Fault zone, slope conditions must be inventoried and evaluation of slope stability is carried out using the finite element method. Results of the inventory from 10 slopes in the Cugenang fault zone, there are 4 slopes with high-risk values. Evaluation of slope stability under static and dynamic conditions is accomplished to review the prediction of the plane failure and the improvement method that can be applied. Groundwater level elevation in extreme conditions with high rainfall considerations is used as a parameter to evaluate the slope safety factor. The results of the study show that the safety factor for slopes under static conditions meets the criteria of SNI 8460:2017 for both normal and high groundwater levels. As for the pseudostatic conditions with the design earthquake loads and high groundwater levels, the safety factor do not meet the minimum criteria, so it needs to be handled. Improvement methods that could be used are a combination of regrading, anchored gabions, and retaining walls equipped with drainage channels.

Optimizing NATM Tunneling in Clayshale Formations: Insights from the Jakarta-Bandung Highspeed Railway Project

Jonathan Bratanata — 2023-10-16

Tunnel construction in West Java, more specifically for the Jakarta-Bandung Highspeed Railway project, was faced with the predicament of clayshale formations. Along certain segments, large deformation occurred on the surface and tunnel face. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the clayshale formation at a tunnel through clayshale and determine the most suitable sequencing of excavation (Three Bench, Center Cross Diaphragm/CRD, Double Wall Heading/DWH) and support system (surface grouting) based on those characteristics. Analysis was conducted using PLAXIS 2D and 3D and compared with field monitoring data. Results of 3D modeling with Hoek[1]Brown with Softening best resembled the field monitoring data in the short term analysis. It was found that utilizing the CRD or DWH methods of excavation through clayshale formations resulted in a reduction of arch deformation up to 90% and 93% compared to the Three Bench method. Results of finite element modelling show that the tunnel deformation was dominated by the construction phase with an average additional long-term arch deformation of 15.1%. Detailed pre-evaluation should be conducted to determine which segments need additional support from surface grouting and which construction method is most effective for that specific segment. These methods of reducing potential deformation and risk of collapse would improve the safety during construction of areas with high risk.

Reliability Analysis of Youtefa Steel Arch Bridge using WIM Vehicle Load Data

Widi Nugraha — 2023-10-16

The Youtefa Bridge, completed in 2019, is a steel arch bridge that was constructed over Youtefa Bay in Papua, Indonesia. Its purpose was to connect the Holtekamp area in Muara Tami District with Hamadi in Jayapura Selatan District, providing better access to the surrounding facilities and supporting the economic development of Eastern Indonesia. In order to guarantee the bridge's reliability, a reliability analysis was conducted using Weigh-In- Motion (WIM) data. Over a year's worth of WIM vehicle load data was gathered, then projected using extreme value theory to determine the load effect of a 75-year return period for the bridge's service life. The results of the analysis indicate that the Youtefa Bridge boasts a reliability index of 5.39, exceeding the target reliability of bridges in Indonesia which stands at 3.72. This high reliability index suggests that the Youtefa Bridge can endure the anticipated loads with a remarkable level of reliability, ensuring the safety of its users. The findings of the reliability analysis underscore the significance of periodic evaluations of bridge reliability to ensure their continued safe operation, and the approach taken in this study could be applied to other bridge structures as well.

Serviceability Evaluation of the Bromo Glass Floor Suspension Footbridge

Widi Nugraha — 2023-10-16

The Bromo Glass Floor Suspension Footbridge is a unique suspended pedestrian bridge located in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia. Constructed by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, the bridge's glass floor structure provides an exceptional and awe-inspiring view of Mount Bromo's breathtaking scenery. However, given the use of a structural glass floor, it is imperative to conduct rigorous safety and comfort testing to ensure the bridge's serviceability. This study evaluated the serviceability of the Bromo Glass Floor Suspension Footbridge using dynamic load testing. Specifically, the testing involved measuring the acceleration of pedestrians at various walking speeds and comparing the results to the BS EN 1991-2 serviceability criteria to determine the bridge's category. The study results showed that the Bromo Glass Floor Suspension Footbridge meets the intermediate criteria for serviceability according to BS EN 1991-2. However, some behavior adjustment is necessary due to the bridge's unique aesthetic and transparent glass floor design.Overall, this research concludes that the Bromo Glass Floor Suspension Footbridge is a suitable and safe pedestrian structure, providing visitors with an enjoyable and unforgettable experience.

Post-Construction Slope Stability Assessment Using 3D Numerical Modeling and Real-Time Monitoring Using Robotic Total Station at the Outlet of Cisumdawu Tunnel

R.B. Prasetya — 2023-10-16

The Cisumdawu Tunnel is Indonesia's first highway tunnel. Tunnel construction was started in 2016, and completed in 2019, then fully operated in early 2023. The slopes of the Cisumdawu Tunnel have failed several times, recently at the outlet slope in October 2021 and afterward at the inlet slope in March 2022. In order to assure slope stability after slope reconstruction stage, it is required to conduct a post-construction analysis and monitor the slopes. The objective of this research is to analyze the outlet slope stability after slope reconstruction using the Robotic Total Station for real-time monitoring as well as performing 3D numerical modeling. Three-dimensional numerical modeling analysis was conducted by using the PLAXIS 3D, while the 3D slope surface is obtained by scanning using a TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner). The shear strength parameter was obtained from the undrained unconsolidated Triaxial tests with Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The results showed that the 3D slope has a potential settlement of about 1.8 cm with a safety factor value of 1.909. Meanwhile, the results of the slope’s real- time monitoring using Robotic Total Station for 150 days showed that there was a regressive movement with a settlement of about 2.3 cm and a longitudinal displacement value of around 5.8 mm directed to north-northeast direction. The slope then stabilizes and becomes safe for further use. The result implied that the outlet slope can be considered safe based on 3D numerical modeling analysis and real-time monitoring using Robotic Total Station.

GEOTECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF PEJAGAN-PRUPUK NATIONAL ROAD NOW AND IN THE FUTURE

Deni Wiharjito — 2023-10-16

The Pejagan-Prupuk national road is the main connecting route between the western North Coast route and the southern route in Central Java Province. The section was built beside an irrigation canal with expansive subgrade soil, where this condition is a challenge in itself to achieve and maintain road stability. Moreover, with the increasing flow of traffic passing through these sections, it is necessary to pay attention to increasing road capacity in the future. This paper discusses the current and future geotechnical challenges for the Pejagan-Prupuk road section as a result of research from two Super Specialist Master Program for Road Preservation in Difficult Soil Geotechnical Conditions who conducted internships on the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) 1.4 road in Central Java. The discussion in this paper includes the expansive nature of subgrade soil, the effect of changes in the water level of irrigation canals on road stability, handling when road stability is disturbed, and handling road widening. It was found that after analyzing the six parameters, the existing expansive soil had a "very high" degree of expansion. The most critical road stability condition occurs when the irrigation canal water level suddenly recedes (rapid drawdown) as a result of the sluice gate being immediately closed. Handling slopes when the stability of the road is disturbed can be done with a 20×20 micro pile. For widening the road body to overcome consolidation settlement using Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) and strengthening the road widening slopes, the three best alternatives were obtained, namely 20×20 micro pile, geotextile, and gabion with geogrid.

Extending the Service Life of Existing Long-Span Bridges Beyond 100 Years

David Whitmore — 2023-10-16

New bridges are being built using the design concepts presented in FIB Bulletin 34 (Model Code for Service Life Design) and SHRP2 R19A (Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Innovative Systems, Subsystems, and Components) and to achieve 100⁺ year service life.

Existing bridges may not have been built with a specific design service life in mind but the principles of SHRP2 R19A can be used to maintain and extend the service life of existing bridges. Application of these principles and methods can extend service life by mitigating corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel by over 80%.

Extending the service life of existing bridges provides many benefits to owners and the traveling public. Direct benefits include cost savings for owners, and delays to the traveling public. Extending service life also provides many indirect benefits including; reduction in the use of materials, reduction in the generation of demolition waste, reduction of environmental emissions, and the protection of sensitive habitat and existing ecosystems. This paper presents bridge case studies which illustrate how the SHRP2 R19A protocol was used to design durable repairs to extend service life of the structures and the direct and indirect benefits which were achieved. Service life extension of existing bridges is a sustainable practice and should be encouraged.

Evaluation and Corrosion Protection of Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges

David David — 2023-10-16

Thousands of concrete bridges rely on grouted post-tension (PT) tendons and stay cables. Problems with grouting techniques and grout materials has resulted in tendons and cables with grout voids, and defective grout. This has resulted in corrosion and failure of PT tendons and stay cables, some within 6 to 17 years of service^1,2. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has spent more than $55 million (USD) repairing 11 post-tensioned bridges to date^2,3.

Evaluation of existing post-tensioned concrete bridges is essential to understand the existing condition of the bridge and to determine if the structure is at risk of corrosion and possible failure. A cost-effective corrosion mitigation technique has been developed to extend the service life and to minimize the corrosion of grouted PT tendons and stay cables which have grouting defects and are at risk of post-tension tendon corrosion.

This paper describes the collaborative development and implementation of this technique on compromised grouted PT tendons in segmental bridges, including the Ringling Bridge (Sarasota, FL), the I-95 / I-295 Interchange, Wonderwood Bridge (Jacksonville, FL) and the I-4 Connector (Tampa, FL) as well as verification testing of the corrosion protection performance of the system. Projects completed for CalTrans, Virginia DOT, Canada, Korea, Australia and have also been completed to date.

Bridge Inspection Using Infrared Technology and Polarization Filters to Improve Accuracy

Mikiko Yamashita — 2023-10-16

In Japan, road administrators have been required to inspect concrete structures once every five years since 2014 due to reports of accidents involving falling concrete caused by aging concrete structures and corrosion of the rebar. NEXCO-West conducts close-up visual inspections using Aerial Work Platforms and hammering inspections to assess the damage inside the concrete. On the other hand, the increasing number of aging road assets and the shortage of engineers due to the declining birthrate and aging population have made it difficult to conduct inspections as in the past. To solve this problem, NEXCO-West has developed an inspection technology using infrared thermography as one of the new technologies to support inspections. This technology is an effective means of detecting spalling and delamination of concrete structures and has been adopted in inspections. However, improving reliability and accuracy is challenging. This paper introduces efforts to improve the reliability of bridge inspections using the infrared thermography method and the development of a method to remove false positives caused by background reflections using a polarization filter.

Forensic Investigation of Post-Failure Landslide in South Sumatera

Tommy J.L. Tobing — 2023-10-16

Several national roads in the province of South Sumatra are located in areas with high potential of landslides, especially along the Lintas Tengah Sumatera and Lintas Penghubung from Lahat to Pagar Alam. Terrain and geological condition are suspected the main cause of landslide. Further, climate change issue where rainy season has a shorter period but greater intensity affects ground stability. In 2021, high-intensity rain triggered a landslide on the national road that resulted in the road from Lahat to Pagar Alam and vice versa being cut off. The area is located in Talang Akar geological formation where consists of fine sandstone lithology, claystone, siltstone, and shale stone. Sandstone and shale are easily accessible by water. The soil loses shear strength due to water infiltration and an increase in pore water pressure. Visual observation found that drainage condition was bad caused runoff water from hilly side cannot flow quickly. From the soil investigation found that 1-14 meters is gravel and fragmented claystone lithology, 14-18 meters is very fine sandstone, and 18-30 is clay-siltstone. Electrical resistivity evaluation found that the wet zone depth is up to 6-15 meters. The back calculation analysis found that the safety factor is 1.02, which indicates the critical slop. A detailed investigation has been carried out to find out various aspect of failures and possibility stabilization techniques to prevent such landslides in the future.

Consideration on Tunnel Construction including Serpentinite Rock in Four-laning Project

Minori Yamada — 2023-10-16

The Doto Expressway is an essential expressway connecting central and eastern Hokkaido. It opened with a temporary two-lane road in October 2011, and has been widen four lanes due to an increase of traffic. Higashi Shimukappu Tunnel (approximately 2,500 m) is a critical section in the overall project between Shimukappu IC and Tomamu IC, where the four-lane project has being implemented. This tunnel involves a section of serpentinite (easy to expand and collapse due to weathering) needed careful construction. Actually, during the construction of two-laning, large displacement was observed and reconstruction was implemented in the section of serpentinite. This time, since a new tunnel will be constructed next to an existing tunnel, it was necessary to estimate the impact on the existing tunnel and determine the necessary countermeasures. Therefore, in order to minimize the impact on the existing tunnel during the construction of the phase II tunnel, numerical analysis was used in order to consider the supports and the auxiliary method for the phase II tunnel (NATM), and the separation distance between the existing tunnel and the Phase II tunnel. In the analysis, rock strength parameters were calculated by reverse analysis based on the measurement data during the construction of Phase I, and analysis simulation was performed under various conditions. This paper shows the method of numerical analysis and the safe and efficient construction method based on the analysis results.

Repair and Maintenance of the Underside of Concrete Slab Protected with Cathodic Protection at Anchorage of the Ohnarto Bridge

Hiromasa Kobayashi — 2023-10-16

Ohnaruto Bridge is a suspension bridge with a total length of 1,629m and has served for 38 years since opening in 1985. The bridge is located at the Naruto strait where a corrosive environment is harsh. Deteriorations due to the chloride attack such as the spalling and corrosion of reinforcing bars were observed in the underside of the concrete slab at the anchorage of the bridge about 11 years after its completion. In 2001, cross-sectional restoration and surface coatings were applied to deteriorated sections of the concrete slab. However, after 10 years of the repair works, in 2011, same deteriorations were observed again. Field investigations revealed that the main cause of the deterioration was macro-cell corrosion at the boundary between the repaired and unrepaired sections.

Salt damage countermeasures were compared from the viewpoints of prevention of the re-degradation and life cycle cost. As a result of the comparison, impressed current cathodic protection method was adopted. Titanium ribbon-mesh anodes were mounted on the underside of the slab linearly along reinforcing bars. Installation work was started in 2020 and completed in 2022. This paper reports field investigations of the cause of the re-degradation, a study on cathodic protection, installation work and maintenance.

ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNAL CLUSTERING SYSTEM (AESCS) ANALYSING FOR DAMAGE CLUSTERING ON BRIDGE STRUCTURE

Ts. Azizul Faiz Abd Aziz — 2023-10-16

Acoustic Emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used for defect detection in structural engineering. AE is widely used as inspection and detection method on reinforced concrete structures such as an in-service bridge to obtain knowledge regarding the structural integrity of individual components of the structure with minimum labour involvement. Afterward, AE could distinguish the different types of defects severity damage mechanisms occurring in RC beam and real structures. Despite these advantages, difficulties still exist in using the AE technique for monitoring applications, particularly in analysing the recorded AE data due to the large quantity of data involved. The main problem associated with data analysis is the discrimination between different AE sources and the analysis of AE signals to identify the most critical defect damage mechanisms. This paper presents a new AE technique approach that could be implemented for global monitoring methods of the real-world structural health condition assessment. The new technique approach is based on AE parameters clustering analysis. The need for effective data analysis in the clustering system can be linked to the main objectives of this research. The defect damage mechanisms via crack classification (tensile and shear crack mode) of Rise Amplitude Clustering (RAC) were developed using NI LabVIEW clustering algorithm. The global monitoring method analyses and identifies the damage mechanisms clustering system utilizing Advance AE Signal Clustering System. In a nutshell, the crack defects damage mechanisms could be evaluated based on AE signal strength. Hence, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the structural significance of an AE event as well as the level of deterioration crosshead of the bridge and develop the advanced AE signal clustering system (AESCS).

The Concept of Defining Bridge Maintenance Program Based on Degradation of Natural Frequency (Case Study: Bunder Bridge and Sardjito Bridge)

Yana Astuti — 2023-10-16

The bridge is a structure built to connect the obstacle such as rivers or other roads, in order to continue the traffic volume of the road network system to support connectivity and ultimately economic growth. A bridge has a certain service lifetime, and deterioration may occurs over time. Therefore, bridge inspection is needed to ensure the bridge serves on the purpose. Structure modeling and dynamic testing are used to investigate those deteriorations which carried out to obtain natural frequency. This case study, both Bunder Bridge and Sardjito Bridge have the same material properties. Nevertheless, the natural frequencies obtained from the dynamic test were different. The natural frequency degradation of Bunder Bridge and Sardjito Bridge is shown at 2.22% and 10.91%, respectively. The maintenance programs for those bridges were carried out based on natural frequency deterioration. The recommendation given for Bunder Bridge is routine maintenance, while for the Sardjito Bridge is preventive maintenance.

Full-Scale Trial Embankment of the First Toll Road Integrated with Sea Wall Construction in Indonesia

Ivan Bayu Prinanda — 2023-10-16

The Semarang Demak Toll Road is part of the National Strategic Project as stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 58 of 2017 concerning the Acceleration of National Strategic Project Implementation. Toll Road is integrated with the sea wall to reduce the density of vehicles as well as to overcome tidal and flooding in coastal areas. The scope of works consists of bamboo mattresses, sand backfill and bridge structures. Bamboo used as a method of dealing with soft soils.

As the construction is new in Indonesia, therefore 400-meter Full Scale Trial Embankment has tested from 6,736 meters total length. The construction of the Trial Embankment consists of work on bamboo piles, bamboo mattresses, geotextiles, geotubes, sand backfill, PVD and PHD, where the embankment is only carried two layers of seven layers. To observe the heap behavior, seven types of instrumentation are installed, namely, Piezometer, Settlement Plate, Pressure Cell, Inclinometer, Extensometer, Waterstandpipe and Strain Gauge.

The Trial Embankment was carried out for 15 months, where the bamboo work was carried out for 8 months, followed by sand filling and instrumentation installation for 6 months. By the design plan, each embankment layer must reach 50% of degree consolidation for the next layer to be backfilled. Based on observations of the instrumentation, it was found that the consolidation period of 50% was faster than planned, namely 45 days out of 75 days with settlement variations is 1.2 - 2.0 meters from the planned 1.8 meters.

SOIL IMPROVEMENT IN TOLL ROAD DEVELOPMENT OF SEMARANG DEMAK SECTION 1 PROJECT

Yusrizal Kurniawan — 2023-10-16

Soft soil conditions are one of the common problems for road construction. This soft soil problem is one of the problems that must be solved in the construction of the toll road development of Semarang-Demak project, especially in Section 1. The excessive thickness of the compressible layer, up to 50 meters deep, is quite challenging to solve. Soil improvement could solve the issue, particularly for the bearing capacity and the land subsidence.

Prefabricated vertical drainage (PVD), high-tensile geosynthetics, sand preloading, and innovative bamboo mattresses and piles are combined for soil improvement. Sand preloading is the most appropriate soil improvement method at the project site. Before construction, laboratory and field tests were carried out for design validation.

For field testing, the construction of a full-scale embankment model with a width of 150 m and a length of 400 m was carried out using a combination of PVD with a pattern spacing of 1.00 m square, high tensile geotextiles, bamboo mats, and sand material with certain specifications for preloading used in construction. From laboratory tests, 13 layers of bamboo mattresses were designed to prevent the embankment from collapsing during construction and preloading. A monitoring system that includes settlement plates, inclinometers, extensometers, water standpipes, earth pressure cells, and vibrating wire piezometers is used to analyze the time required to achieve the proper degree of consolidation. Field test results show that the waiting time originally predicted to be 75 days to reach a degree of consolidation of 50% can be achieved within 55 days.

EVALUATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION AS A STRATEGY TO ACCELERATE PLANNING IN TOLL ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Dini Damayanti — 2023-10-16

The Toll Road Regulatory Agency encourages the application of a three-dimensional (3d)-based digital platform in the implementation of toll road construction in Indonesia, known as Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM implementation starts with technical planning, construction, and maintenance of roads and bridges. This study aims to evaluate the level of differences in the implementation of the manual work system and the implementation of BIM in the case study of the Sigli Banda Aceh toll road project. The research case study is on section 4 of the Indrapuri - Blang Bintang section whose work was carried out with a manual system while section 1 of the Seulimum-Padang Tiji section whose work was carried out with the BIM system. several things are examined in answering the research objectives: first, what problems can be solved with BIM, especially in construction implementation, secondly, what are the steps for implementing BIM in projects, and what are the benefits of using BIM in construction planning from the two case studies. This study uses SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Treats) to analyze the application of BIM on both sections of the Sigli Banda Aceh toll road project. The research data was obtained through semi-structured interviews involving informants from the stakeholders of the Sigli Banda Aceh toll road construction project. Research results Based on the SWOT analysis, the Strengths – Opportunities strategy is produced. Explaining that the implementation of BIM is better than the manual work system from all sides because it gets the benefits of being able to control construction projects better, and the design and construction process will be more transparent, effective, and efficient. In addition, BIM can also detect discrepancies between designs and physical projects early and can prevent them because BIM has a Clash Defection feature. Meanwhile, the lack of BIM so far has not been found. Some of the inhibiting factors in its implementation are the high initial investment costs and a shift in work culture. This study concludes that BIM has good potential in the future along with growing awareness in the industry.

Road User Perspective on Congestion Problems. A Perspective from Greater Malang Area, Indonesia

Ganjar Ratriadi — 2023-10-16

This research investigates the influence of travel behavior on congestion and methods to reduce the problem, especially in the context of medium cities in Indonesia, where the phenomenon of congestion has common in recent years. This research is motivated by the lack of success of congestion management programs carried out by several city governments. To achieve the goal, we prepare a questionnaire and distribute it to the respondents through in-person interviews with travelers on major roads in the Greater Malang area or by Google Form. This study's main variables are education level, type of job and position, income with the variable response, congestion characteristics such as the perception of congestion, and time utilization plan if there is an improvement in road performance. The results showed that in the medium-size city's condition and the lower middle class's economic condition and the type of work as self-employed, respondents saw the congestion problem as a common problem, even generally did not consider the time lost due to congestion. It seems to answer the current phenomenon where government programs to reduce congestion problems, such as traffic management and more competitive transportation systems, are less successful. Therefore, in the future, to be more effective in handling congestion programs, the involvement of the road user's community becomes significant to do.

Optimizing traffic routes by restricting direct access to Sumbu Kebangsaan Road to support a sustainable traffic system in the Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN)

Desanto Wibowo — 2023-10-16

Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) is a new city planned to replace Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia in 2024. As the new government center, IKN will experience an increase in mobility of people and vehicles, which may cause conflicts in the traffic system. Therefore, a thorough planning for the traffic system is needed to support activities in IKN. This paper discusses the study of the traffic system on the main road of IKN, namely the Sumbu Kebangsaan Road. The discussion focuses on limiting direct access to the Sumbu Kebangsaan Road for sustainable and safe traffic system. The IKN area is currently under development, hence secondary data such as land use data which can affect the volume of vehicles and traffic flow in an area, and secondary data from the agency to complete information on the characteristics of roads and infrastructure in IKN are used in this study. A well-planned traffic system is crucial to support activities in IKN as the new government center which will continue to develop in the future. By using land use data and secondary data from the agency, and implementing appropriate strategies, it is hoped that the traffic system in IKN can be optimized to increase efficiency, reduce congestion, and improve road safety.

Analyzing the Impact of the Trans Java Toll Road Network on Vehicle Speed and Travel Time in Central Java Province

Wahyuningsih Tri Hermani — 2023-10-16

The construction of toll roads, such as the Trans-Java, is one of the leading infrastructure development programs of the Indonesian government, which impact various aspects of the country, including the capacity and performance of the national route network. Good road performance can increase vehicle speed and reduce travel time. From this context, the influential analysis of the toll road networks on the current and future performance of the national route channels is essential for the government. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the Trans Java toll road network on vehicle speed and travel time in Central Java Province. A transportation modelling analysis was conducted using a synthetic method, with the gravity model employing the EMME/3 application. The results showed that the average vehicle speed on the national route was stable with toll roads from 2022 to 2030. Meanwhile, it decreased from 2035 to 2048, where the value was less than 40 km/h. The average travel time on the national section was less than 5 mins/km with the toll road in 2022. This travel time was more than 20 mins/km on 235 national highways in 2048.

Walkability Assessment Based on the Tools for Walkable City Method

Agah Muhammad Mulyadi — 2023-10-16

One of the component systems of sustainable transport is pedestrian facilities in order to becomes walkable city. Pedestrian facilities must be built with inclusive and humanist concepts, which can be used by all people, all ages and all genders, including persons with disabilities, children and the elderly. The method for pedestrian facilities becomes inclusive and humane is to apply the concept of walkability. Walkability is the condition of an environment that is friendly to pedestrians. The purpose of this study was to conduct a walkability assessment based on the Tools for Walkable City (TWC) method from the Institute for Transport and Development Policy (ITDP). Walkability indicators in the TWC method by considering three aspects, namely (1) accessibility aspects, (2) safety aspects, and (3) convenience aspects. There are 35 indicators that must be met so that pedestrian facilities become walkable. The survey locations were conducted on Sudirman Road in Jakarta and Asia Africa Road in Bandung. Those streets were chosen because they are protocol roads as an icon of city, there are many places of interest that make the area attractive to pedestrians, so the number of pedestrians is greater than in other areas. The results showed that pedestrian facilities on Sudirman Road and Asia Africa Road had a average walkability index value of 82,05 and 73,05 respectively. Based on the walkability standard according to the Walkscore, pedestrian facilities on Sudirman road and Asia Africa road are categorized as very walkable.

Synchronizing of Road Function, Status and Class for Integrated Road Network in Indonesia

Herry Kurniawan — 2023-10-16

The mismatch between road function, status, and class are one of the main causes of regular road damages in many cities. This phenomenon is evidenced in many developing countries. The existing governments are often unable to provide a strong and consistent road network system, which indicated by road network disconnection, inconsistent law enforcement, and poor safety driving habits amongst road users and providers. One of the most fundamental steps in improving road network system is the integration of road functions, status, and class. Nevertheless, this effort needs a systematic process that involves critical assessments on aspects that affect road network system, which include local socio-economic as well as environmental conditions, and transport challenges. This study aims to develop an approach that simulates the determination of the function, status, and class of roads to promote an effective road network system integration based on local context and challenges. This study focuses on six case studies, which include road networks in Lampung, DIY, South Kalimantan, West Papua, Maluku, and the Southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia. This study applies a quantitative method using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) methods. Data and information were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and documentary reviews. The result shows that the proposed model has emphasized the importance of hierarchical approach for an effective road network system. Four factors were identified as the key determinants for importance level are drainage system, signs, volume of goods, and traffic volume whilst four factors were identified as the key determinants for application level are road width, location, volume of goods, and connected authority areas.

3-D ROW Highway Planning for Accessible Enhancement

OGURA Kenji — 2023-10-16

This paper describes three-dimensional Right-of-Way (3-D ROW) development that enables concurrent implementation of both a linear project (e.g., expressway, railroad) and an area development. The legal framework of 3-D ROW development has unique characteristics that cater to the needs of both transportation organizations and city developers to harmonize a linear project with the urban area development. Hanshin Expressway (HEX)* has faced difficulties to solve its traffic congestion and enhance an effective accessibility with surface road networks in the highly dense urban area. 3-D ROW development helps HEX to figure out solutions to solve aforementioned issues. The legal framework has enabled reallocation of urban space between both private ownership and public domain within the same urban area by limiting ROW in a three-dimensional way. This paper provides how the legal framework has brought effective solutions to harmonize a linear project with an area development and such a hybrid-project implementation has resulted in accessible enhancement of the transport network and human livelihood in a simultaneous way. This paper also shows several showcases so that other major Asian cities, where they struggle congestion due to over-population and over-traffic, can obtain and even copy some tips for their effective solutions in the high density.

Enabling Clean and Smart Mobility in Indonesian Road Infrastructure to Achieve Sustainable Transport

Hedy Rahadian — 2023-10-16

Sustainable transport infrastructure is one of the key aspects to battle climate change. Oil dependence contributes to climate change, and the transport and logistics sector is responsible for 25% of energy-related CO2 emissions. Furthermore, 75% of transport emissions come from road (passenger and freight) vehicles. Even further, major challenges in transport, such as social inclusion, gender equality, and capacity building, are identified. Mobility and road transport infrastructure are critical to achieving sustainable cities and are embedded in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11. Electromobility and autonomous smart mobility are presently considered by various stakeholders to be of strategic importance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the key enablers in road infrastructure to embrace electromobility and smart mobility. Key enablers include five aspects, namely policy and strategy, technical, financing, R&D, and capacity building. Those aspects are further investigated based on components including the transport modes (low-emissions-EVs and autonomous vehicles-AVs), infrastructure, power, connectivity, and control and centralization management. Key enablers are then derived into key strategies, including (1) green and reliable infrastructure, (2) adaptive and innovative infrastructure, (3) green[1]powered infrastructure, (4) humane-centric infrastructure, and (5) smart and connected infrastructure. This will include but is not limited to innovative dynamic charging with wireless power transfer infrastructure, charging infrastructure, connectivity, i.e., V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure), and energy harvesting infrastructure. Prioritization can be considered to firstly optimize road infrastructure for electromobility and then secondly for autonomous vehicles.

The Influence of Driver Behavior on the Effectiveness of Developing Mass Public Transportation as an Effort to Overcome Traffic Congestion in Surabaya City (Case Study: Integration of Suroboyo Bus and Trans Semanggi Bus with Wirawiri Surabaya Feeder)

Dian Novitasari — 2023-10-16

Traffic congestion is a common problem in large cities, including Surabaya. With an average growth rate of 6.4% per year of motorized vehicles, it is estimated that the growth of motorized vehicles until 2040 will reach 10,082,873 units. Therefore, the Surabaya City Government is currently focusing on developing mass public transportation to control the rate of growth of motorized vehicles so that traffic congestion can be well managed. Optimization of mass public transportation is being carried out to encourage the public to switch to public transportation. In April 2018, Suroboyo Bus was launched. Currently, there are 28 fleets operating on 3 out of 9 planned corridors. In February 2022, Trans Semanggi Surabaya (TSS) was launched, which is a support from the Ministry of Transportation. The number of TSS fleets is 17, operating on 2 corridors. In March 2023, the feeder transportation system was officially operated. There are 52 fleets currently operating out of a total of 174 planned feeders. However, there have been many complaints from the public regarding the behavior of feeder drivers, such as stopping at undesignated stops and delaying the departure of the fleet as they wait for passengers. Optimizing mass public transportation is very effective in addressing traffic congestion problems in Surabaya because it encourages private vehicle users to switch to public transportation. Therefore, continuous socialization to feeder drivers is necessary to prevent the reduction of public interest in using mass public transportation.

GEOMETRIC REDESIGN OF ROAD PARONGPONG – NGAMPRAH STA. 0+750 – 1+500 BASED ON ATRACTION – GENERATION INTERZONE MOVEMENT

Mohamad D — 2023-10-16

The increase in movement between zones between sub-districts in the Regency increases in line with economic development in the region. Parongpon sub-district and Ngamprah sub-district are West Bandung regency areas that have increased economic growth which is quite significant in West Bandung Regency. The geometric redesign research between Parongpong and Ngamprah zones has the aim of adjusting the road geometry based on increasing the volume generation and attraction of traffic movement between these zones. The generation and attraction of traffic movement between these zones is dominated by the volume of vehicles with larger dimensions and heavier loads, so that geometric alignment of the road is required based on the standard slope of the vertical alignment and the super[1]elevation curve of the horizontal alignment. The research method used is quantitative descriptive in geometric design parameters which are developed in accordance with the development of traffic volume and vehicle types.. The research results show the Rise and Attract model of movement between parongpong – ngamprah zones with the mathematical model shown by the equation Y = 28.064 +0.0003612 X1 + 0.001 X2 + 0.005 X3 with R2 = 0.97. With the influence of the generation of traffic volume movement on these roads, of requires adjustment of the superevaluation curve with a larger radius and smaller vertical alignment slope so that the increase in traffic volume from the influence of the generation and attraction of the movement of the parongpong – ngamprah zone can be anticipated with fine.

Road Service Quality Performance Analysis from Users Perspective (Case Study: Jalan Raya Jati – Cemengkalang Sidoarjo)

Ratna Andini — 2023-10-16

Success indicator of road infrastructure, as a manifestation of public services, is its Level of Service (LOS). Road users are important stakeholders in the road infrastructure, and therefore the level of satisfaction of road users is one measure of the success of road infrastructure. Recently, there are still few or limited studies that analyze the road LOS from road users’ perspective. This research aims to assess road performance from the road user's perspective as well as to obtain several improvements that need to increase the quality of road services in Raya Jati-Cemengkalang Road. This road is one of the strategic roads in Sidoarjo Regency which has degree of saturation that is more than 1, which means has already saturated. The research employed combination of Service Quality (Servqual), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Service criteria were identified from the literature and assessed for relevance through a preliminary survey involving 5 (five) road experts/experts which resulted 21 criteria. The main survey was conducted on 100 respondents who are users of this road. According to Servqual analysis, the road’s satisfaction level (3.624) is still below the user’s expectation (4.626) with an average gap score is -1.002. IPA analysis resulted the main priority service criteria that need to be improved, namely: smooth traffic, adequacy of shoulder width, no road side interfence, availability of parking areas, adequacy of road drainage, and suitability of the sign layout. Finally, QFD proposes several improvement efforts to increase the road performance to meet user’s expectation and resulted that controlling the use of RUMIJA, arrangement and control of roadside parking, road shoulders are hardened and Traffic engineering are the most important effort to be carried out.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IN THE GATOT SUBROTO UNDERPASS PROJECT

Brawijaya — 2023-10-16

Technological advancements in the construction sector, including Building Information Modeling (BMI), should support sustainable construction as stipulated by Indonesia government regulations. There are four criteria for sustainable construction. They are technical, environmental, economic, and social criteria. BIM is a technology integration method that helps create, organize, and coordinate digital information models. The implementation of BIM in the design, construction, and maintenance stages results in construction that is of higher quality, more reliable, and more sustainable. The Indonesian Government has been committed to achieving successful implementation of sustainable construction. To support such a commitment, BIM is implemented in the design of the Gatot Subroto Underpass Project. The project is located in a densely populated area, which has heavy traffic and many utilities. The BIM used in the project consists of 3D, 4D, and 5D levels. The 3D level can depict conditions before, during, and after construction; describe problems that will potentially arise, so that strategies to minimize risks can be developed; and integrate all related designs to anticipate design errors with clash detection, thereby minimizing rework in the field and helping the project achieve sustainability. The 4D level can describe the work sequence, helping the construction be completed on time. The 5D level can calculate the volume and cost of the work integrated into a 3D model, so that the results can be more accurate and transparent.

Intelligent Traffic Situation Room In Digital Age

Ming Shi Zhong — 2023-10-16

In order to reduce the impact of major disasters, accidents, consecutive holidays and large-scale events on traffic, New Taipei City has established a traffic situation room and a diverse system. The diverse system integrates multiple real-time information, including traffic, police, fire, public transportation, weather, etc.; the system collects, filters, and counts information according to different situations, and highlights important data in graphical and visual ways through the dashboard to facilitate grasping the situation rapidly; in addition, through early warning and event response functions, the speed of response is improved. The war room is used to provide relevant department units to station in emergencies or specific situations, where pre-planning, post-event strategy development and monitoring are used to strengthen the horizontal coordination of all units to facilitates the integration of information and rapid response.

DIGITALIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS MONITORING USING ANDROID BASED APPLICATION “STRIP MAP-IN” AS BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING SUPPORT

Tisara Sita — 2023-10-16

The acceleration of infrastructure development, which is a government program, requires effective control of the implementation of construction work due to various factors that have the potential to impact the quality, time, and cost of a project. Furthermore, the rapid development of information technology in the construction sector is accelerating. Virtual building technology, based on the Building Information Modeling (BIM) principle, is capable of creating 3D (three dimensions), 4D (four dimensions), and 5D (five dimensions) models in the construction industry. Controlling the completion of work schedules, which has an impact on the cost and quality of work, requires an innovation strategy that encourages a culture of transparency and accountability. Real-time reporting of daily work progress using the android-based application "Strip Map-in" is a form of digital transformation in project management. This program facilitates the implementation of BIM in a project by calculating the progress of each item of construction work that turns into BIM data input. The weekly progress of a project will be calculated automatically by this program. This application delivers accuracy, acceleration, and simplicity in monitoring each work item and the overall project progress.

Use of Output Based Grants for Maintaining Sub-National Roads in Indonesia

Krisno YUWONO — 2023-10-16

This paper presents an overview of Indonesia's output-based grant pilots for sub-national road maintenance. These pilots aim to improve the sub-national roads in Indonesia, which provide critical accessibility and connectivity for communities outside the major cities. Indonesia has more than 500,000 km of sub-national roads managed by provincial and district/city governments. The quality of sub-national roads is lower than the quality of national roads due to a lack of institutional, personnel, financial and systems capacities at the local government levels. Since 2013, the Government of Australia has provided grants of AUD 38 million along with technical assistance to pilot an output-based fiscal transfer mechanism that incentivises the local governments to prioritise road maintenance, develop institutional and governance structures promoting community engagement and quality improvement and institutes a verification mechanism before the grants are disbursed. The pilot was successfully run in one province, Nusa Tenggara Barat and two districts, West Lombok and Probolinggo. The successful demonstration led to a new grants program for regional roads development, called Program Hibah Jalan Daerah and funded by the central government. It was implemented across 22 local governments with technical assistance from the Indonesia Australia Infrastructure Partnership. These grant pilots have demonstrated that incentivising performance by linking grant disbursements to achieving governance, quality and work progress indicators can significantly improve institutional, personnel and systems capacities. The grants program also provide valuable lessons that can be applied to the other local infrastructure funding mechanisms of the government.

The Implementation of One Page Project Management as a Means to Monitor Project Performance (Case Study: Indonesia’s New Capital City Project (Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN))

Digor Unggul Nalendra — 2023-10-16

This article presents a case study on the implementation of One Page Project Management (OPPM), a popular technique that allows project managers to convey critical project information on a single page. The case study focuses on the construction of Indonesia's New Capital City, a super priority project with a large magnitude, short timeline, and multiple stakeholders. Given the project's complexity, the implementation of OPPM was challenging for the project team. This article details the team's experience with adopting OPPM and the valuable lessons learned from the process. The study reveals that implementing OPPM can significantly enhance project communication, stakeholder engagement, and project monitoring and control. Finally, the study concludes with recommendations for project teams considering OPPM as a project management technique. Overall, this article demonstrates the practicality and effectiveness of OPPM in managing complex, high-stakes projects and offers valuable insights for project managers seeking to implement this technique in their projects.

Managing Mega Project with Digital Construction Technology through Project Management Information System (PMIS) Dashboard: A Case Study of Trans Sumatera Toll Road Project

Agung Fajarwanto — 2023-10-16

As a developing country, massive infrastructure development plays an important role to establish society welfare. Therefore, Indonesian Government entrusted PT Hutama Karya (Persero) to build Trans Sumatera Toll Road along 2800 km to connect and expedite the distribution of goods and services across the island of Sumatera. With the expected infrastructure lifecycle to be operated for the next 100 years, Digital Construction becoming a crucial part on delivering the project, thus a Project Monitoring Information System (PMIS) to monitor this mega project is utilized to ensure the expected physical and database quality is met. The utilization of PMIS dashboard helps Hutama Karya as the Project owner to manage the construction process and improve overall performance of Toll Road project throughout project life cycle. The PMIS is based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) and is integrated with other company’s strategic platforms, and it supports the data requirements of The Ministries to provide a more reliable data. This study also illustrates the efficiency of PMIS Dashboard to accelerate the project delivery as well as data transparency and accountability to support Good Governance thus provides relevant historical database for Transport Management during operation and maintenance phase. Eventually, the aim of this study is to encourage the strategic improvisation of Project Management by utilizing PMIS as the best practice to manage a big scale infrastructure project and to collect database that will be sustainable and beneficial throughout operation and maintenance phase.

Strengthening Road and Bridge Design through Value Engineering

Andria Muharami Fitra — 2023-10-16

Value Engineering (VE) is a systematic approach to increase value by adding performance and function while reducing cost. VE provides more benefits in the design stage rather than in the construction stage. In 2022, the Directorate General of Highways (DGH), Ministry of Public Works and Housing of Indonesia established the VE Operating Procedure which stated that VE is mandatory for feasibility study and complex detailed engineering design. This paper examined VE implementation in the DGH since 2018 by using qualitative descriptive analysis of 19 VE workshop reports in 17 Provinces. Each workshopsfollows eight phases of VE job plan: information, function analysis, creativity, idea evaluation, idea development, alternative evaluation, recommendation, and presentation. It is discovered that when applied in design stage, VE has the ability to lower projects cost, enhance function to the projects, and accelerated construction time. The potential savings from VE implementation in 19 projects with a total initial cost of IDR 23,6 trillion were roughly 31.07% or approximately IDR 7,3 trillion. This paper assists road authorities in implementing VE in road and bridge designs based on the recently published operating procedure.

Benefit Or Lose, Road Widening in Mountainous Areas in East Java Province by Considering RUC (Reference Unit Cost) is at Risk of Triggering Landslides that Impact on Subsequent Budgeting and Efforts to Mitigate the Risk of Budget Limitations

Dewi Atikah — 2023-10-16

The disbursement of PHJD funds to be distributed to Provincial / District Governments is based on the results of output verification using RUC (Reference Unit Cost) to calculate the value of the grant. RUC is assessed based on the length output achieved, so that the side structure work is not assessed. Road widening in mountainous areas where reimbursement is considered, will seek to obtain as much reimbursement as possible. The widening of the road body along with the construction of concrete shoulders in mountainous areas forces the existing dirt shoulders to go through a process of excavation and material replacement and compaction. This process changes the slope structure from stable to unstable. Roads in mountainous areas that are winding and not equipped with adequate drainage are at risk of landslides during the rainy season, preceded by the concentration of rainwater runoff. Repairs due to these landslides, of course, burden the OPD in East Java Province in the following budget year, and of course the costs required are not small. This research method is a literature study supported by primary data from PHJD work that has been completed. It takes the wisdom of stakeholders from planning to implementation, so as not to trigger potential problems in the future, as an effort to mitigate budget constraints.

Incorporating Value Engineering During Project Preparation for Better Infrastructure Delivery

F.E. AYURANANDA — 2023-10-16

The Indonesian government’s efforts to achieve the goal of constructing 3,000 kilometers of new national roads as stated in the National Medium-Term Development Plan 2020-2024 are coordinated by the Directorate General of Highways (DGH) of the Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH). However, inadequate project preparation due to a lengthy process to complete preparation documents and substandard-quality feasibility studies (FS) and detailed engineering designs (DEDs), which must be repeated frequently throughout implementation, is sometimes one of the obstacles to achieving the goal. Consequently, this will impede the timely and high-quality delivery of infrastructure. To solve this issue, MPWH is in the process of implementing the Accelerating Infrastructure Delivery through Better Engineering Services Project (ESP), which aims to increase the quality and on-time launch of infrastructure projects at MPWH by simultaneously completing the preparation documents through one contract package called Project Preparation Consultant (PPC). The DGH is also incorporating value engineering (VE) into the design process to improve the quality of the project. VE is a multidisciplinary, team-based decision-making process that is carried out in a systematic and structured manner. During the design stage, a VE workshop was held, and project stakeholders were in attendance. This paper outlines DGH’s effort to expedite project preparation and enhance engineering services by simultaneously completing the project preparation documents and integrating value engineering throughout project preparation. In addition, we would like to share the things we have learned during the process.

The Implementation of Asset Recycling as an Alternative Financing Scheme for Toll Road Projects in Indonesia

Yuki M.A. Wardhana — 2023-10-16

The development of toll roads in Indonesia is crucial for addressing socioeconomic disparities and promoting regional development. Toll roads enhance mobility, accessibility, and provide a cost-effective transportation option. However, financing infrastructure development remains a challenge. To overcome this, the government aims to leverage private sector capital through alternative financing schemes, such as asset recycling through Limited Concessions Scheme (LCS). Asset recycling involves monetizing existing toll road assets and using the proceeds for further infrastructure investment. This paper examines the feasibility of implementing asset recycling for already-operating toll roads in Indonesia based on Presidential Regulation Number 32 of 2020 using LCS. It explores global best practices of toll road asset recycling in the form of LCS, analyzes the current regulation, and conducts project screening for toll road projects in Indonesia. The study finds that conventional form of asset recycling such as leasing is possible to be implemented in already-operating toll roads in Indonesia particularly for those operated by State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Other forms of asset recycling such as divestment have also emerged in recent years. The research provides insights for the government and stakeholders on implementing asset recycling to maximize the value of toll road assets and promote infrastructure development.

Transition Towards a Circular Economy in Road Construction Materials: A Case Study of Coal Ashes, Plastics, and Rubbers in Indonesia

Siska Dewi — 2023-10-16